Page 401 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

364 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Figure 16.1 Classification of agroindustrial waste products.

composition of food industry waste has been extensively studied by several
researchers. The composition of industrial wastes comprises cellulose, hemicellu-
lose, lignin, moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen, etc. Individual waste displays a relative
proportion of these components. The major constituents being cellulose, hemicellu-
lose, and lignin, these waste materials are also termed as “lignocellulosic materi-
als.” These constituents have the potential to use in the production of biogas,
bioethanol, and other commercially useful products.
Fruit and vegetable processing sectors have grown tremendously to meet the
market demand. The growing fruit and vegetable industries have led to the produc-
tion of huge amount of industrial wastes in the form of leaves or straw, seeds, pulp,
or pomace. The major source of waste residues in fruit and vegetable processing
industries is illustrated in Table 16.3.
Citrus peels up to around 60% are generated from citrus fruit-processing indus-
tries, and they act as potential substrate for any fermentation process (Wilkins
et al., 2007). Citrus peels are rich in bioactive compounds and thus are used in dif-
ferent forms in various food products (Oboh and Ademosun, 2011). They are the
source of carotenoids, and almost 90% of carotenoids can be removed from orange
peels (Aravantinoszafiris et al., 1992). Pectin is extracted from citrus peels in huge
quantity. Orange peels have been used for many applications such as biosorbent,
mosquito fumigant, and essential oil. Biofuels can also be generated by utilizing the
anaerobic digestion of fruit wastes from mixture of tomato and asparagus, kiwi, and
potato residues (Siciliano et al., 2019).
Oilseed production is the second largest determinant of Indian economy next to
cereal crops. The major oilseeds that are the source of vegetable oils are soybean,
groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, etc. A remarkable market growth of this sector has
resulted in the production of huge amount of by-products and waste products. The