Page 396 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Agroindustry wastes: biofuels and biomaterials feedstocks for sustainable rural development 359

followed by 305 million tons by legumes, 108 million tons by oil crops, 373 million
tons by sugar crops, and 170 million tons by tubers. The corresponding energy
6
values of global crop residue are 7516 3 10 barrels of diesel or 69.9 3 10 18 Jof
energy (Lal, 2005). Considering six major crops grown globally (barley, maize,
rice, soybean, sugarcane, and wheat), Bentsen et al. (2014) reported their global
potential on annual basis at 3.7 Pg dry matter (3900 million tons). North and South
America, Eastern, South Eastern and Southern Asia, and Eastern Europe each has
potential to generate above 200 Tg residue annually. In energy terms the total
amount of residue is theoretically equivalent to 65 EJ/year, corresponding to 15%
of the global primary energy consumption or 66% of the world’s energy consump-
tion for transport (Bentsen et al., 2014). In a country level bioenergy potential
assessment by Deng et al. (2015), the estimated global biofuel supply potential in
2070 would be 40 190 EJ final transport fuel energy (130 400 EJ primary
energy), depending on land use, productivity, and technology mix. This is sub-
stantial increase from final transportation fuel potential of 15 70 EJ
(30 140 EJ primary energy) at global level in 2010. Countries such as Brazil,
the United States, China, Australia, and India will drive the future development
in biofuel (Deng et al., 2015). According to Tye et al. (2016), globally 141, 962,
23, 473, 62, and 706 million tons of biomass is available from barley, corn, oat,
rice, sorghum, and wheat, respectively, on annual basis. Kim and Dale (2004)
reported that under the 60% ground-cover practice, about 377 million tons of
corn straw or stover is available globally. Rice straw availability at global level
is 658 million tons. The estimated annual total cereal straws production is about
1580 million tons, produced largely in Europe (barley and oat), the United
States (corn and sorghum), and China (rice and wheat) (Kim and Dale, 2004).
Sugarcane is another important crop, and bagasse residue available from sugar-
cane can be used to produce ethanol and heat and electricity (cogeneration) and
other value-added by-products such as filter cake and fly ash. Brazil is the lead-
ing sugarcane producer in the world followed by India. The annual global pro-
duction of sugarcane is about 1741.3 million tons where Asia contributes 44%
(Tye et al., 2016).

16.1.1 Agrowaste potential in India
Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy, providing source of subsistence to
nearly 60% of its population. Globally, India ranks first in the production of pulses,
jute and jute-like fibers and second in rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and ground-
nut. Rice is the major food crop of India and is cultivated in 435 lakh ha area, pro-
ducing 104 million tons grain at a productivity of 2.4 t/ha (Table 16.2)[MoA
(Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India), 2015]. The country is the second
largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. Sugarcane cultivation is practiced in two
distinct regions of India: tropical (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Pondicherry, and Kerala) and subtropi-
cal (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, and Punjab). Tropical regions produce about
55% of the total sugarcane in the country, with an average productivity of 77 t/ha.