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Food industry waste biorefineries: future energy, valuable recovery, and waste treatment 397

producer of food waste in the form of grape and apple pomace, which are rich in
high-value compounds, such as essential oils and vitamins (Martinez et al., 2016,
Yates et al., 2017). A huge amount of cellulose present in plant-derived food waste
is the best to produce valuable products, such as biofuels, organic acids, and other
nanocellulose products. Xylose, xylite, and furfural are the most profitable products
synthesized from lignin (Kamm and Kamm, 2004). Proteins present in waste gener-
ated by plants along with essential amino acids can be added in food to improve the
functional properties. Oreopoulou and Tzia (2007) described the utilization of soy
protein to improve the cheese, soy milk, and whipped toppings. Some phytochem-
icals, such as polyphenols, possess health benefits related to lowering the choles-
terol and lipid oxidation (O’Shea et al., 2012).
Along with health benefits the antioxidant compounds present in food waste can
increase the longevity of food and also delay the spoilage of food (Oreopoulou and
Tzia, 2007). Vegetable oils can be employed for the synthesis of sugar-based deter-
gents, such as alkyl polyglucosides, with less toxic properties as compared to tradi-
tional detergents (Foley et al., 2011). All these benefits of plant-derived waste push
the researchers to think in direction of extraction, purification, and synthesis of use-
ful chemicals, materials from food waste. The development of biorefinery based on
plant-derived waste is at the initial stage. That’s why there should be defined poli-
cies to support the research and growth in the field of biorefinery. At present, the
carbon pricing and mandatory quota is the most essential policy factor to provoke
biorefineries (Hellsmark and So ¨derholm, 2017).

17.6 Organic waste from industrial and agricultural
residues

The increasing population, industrialization, and urbanization are the most obvious
factors for the increase in waste production. Food and paper manufacturing indus-
tries are the top most industries that produce the waste which can be utilized as nat-
ural resources for the production of profitable goods. Synthesis of commercial food
products, juices, noodles, chips, and many other food items results in the production
of organic waste (Kim et al., 2011).
A simple pretreatment process would be suitable for the utilization of organic
waste with proper composition. Traditionally, the food waste is utilized for animal
feed. But a number of researches described that the industrial food waste with anti-
septic and artificial additives is not suitable for the animal feed. At present, the
industrial food waste is the best suited raw material for biorefineries as the compo-
sition of that waste is similar to first-generation biomass. Microbes can utilize the
food waste for the production of valuable products after pretreatment. The pretreat-
ment of organic waste is much simpler in comparison to lignocellulosic waste as
the commercial enzymes or organism can easily digest organic waste (Barnard
et al., 2010). The durability of industrial food waste is an important factor for its
utilization as feedstock for the bioconversion process and for the economical