Page 6 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

vi Contents

3. Microbial-derived natural bioproducts for a sustainable
environment: a bioprospective for waste to wealth 51
Juhi Gupta, Rashmi Rathour, Kristina Medhi, Bhawna Tyagi and
Indu Shekhar Thakur
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Fundamentals of biopolymers 52
3.3 Microbially synthesized polymers 60
3.4 Molecular aspects of biopolymers 64
3.5 Application aspects of microbial synthesized polymer 68
3.6 Life cycle analysis of biopolymers 74
3.7 Conclusion 77
References 77
Further reading 85

4. Application of heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from
biomass for biodiesel process intensification: a comprehensive
review 87
Sivakumar Pandian, Sakthi Saravanan Arumugamurthi,
Periyasamy Sivanandi, Mahula Santra and
Vijaya Kumar Booramurthy
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Acid catalyst mechanism for transesterification and
esterification 88
4.3 Preparation of heterogeneous acid catalyst from biomass 89
4.4 Parameter influencing catalyst preparation 98
4.5 Catalyst characterization techniques 99
4.6 Parameters affecting the reactions 100
4.7 Reusability of catalyst 101
4.8 Current challenges and future prospects 101
4.9 Conclusion 103
Declaration 104
References 105

5. Sources and operations of waste biorefineries 111
P. Senthil Kumar and P.R. Yaashikaa
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Generation of waste 112
5.3 Waste biorefinery—concept and classification 113
5.4 Sources of waste biorefinery 115
5.5 Waste biorefinery methodologies 121
5.6 Challenges 128
5.7 Future perspectives 129
5.8 Conclusion 130
References 131