Page 26 - Renewable Energy Devices and System with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS

Renewable Energy Systems: Technology Overview and Perspectives 13

TABLE 1.1
Renewable Energy Technologies: Present Status, Research Challenges and Opportunities,
and Future Trends to 2025
Renewable Research Challenges and
Energies Present Status Opportunities Trends to 2025 (Prediction)
Wind onshore • 361 GW installed by 2014. • Reliability issues. • >700 GW global installation.
• Average turbine size: • Wind farm interconnection • +50% wind power in
1.9 MW in 2013. technologies. Denmark.
• DFIG has the majority at • Grid code compliances. • 10–15 MW turbines
about 50%, and PMSG is • Medium-voltage wind power available.
increasing. converters (e.g., 3.3 kV). • A larger number of MV
• Mainly low-voltage power • Wind power converters turbines.
converters (e.g., 690 V). based on new semiconductor • Improved component and
• LCOE of USD 0.06–USD devices. system reliability.
0.12/kWh (typical). • LCOE of USD 0.05–USD
0.10/kWh (typical).
Wind offshore • 8.8 GW installed by 2014; • Reliability issues. • About 89 GW global
91% are in Northern • Offshore foundations. installation.
Europe. • Interconnection of onshore • Improved component and
• Average size: 3.6 MW in and offshore wind farms. system level reliability.
2013. • Harmonics and stability • LCOE of USD 0.10–USD
• LCOE of USD 0.14–USD issues. 0.19/kWh (typical).
0.25/kWh (typical). • High maintenance costs.
Photovoltaics • 180 GW installed by 2014. • Reliability issues. • High-voltage PV systems.
(PV) • PV inverters with wide • Medium-voltage PV systems. • Lifetime of 20–30 years,
bandgap devices • High-efficiency thin-film PV. including the PV inverters.
commercialized. • Energy storage for PV • LCOE of USD 0.06–USD
• LCOE of USD 0.08–USD systems. 0.15/kWh (typical).
0.36/kWh (typical). • Grid integration to fulfill • Micro-inverters.
more stringent codes.
Concentrated • About 4 GW installed • Large upfront investment • Cost of CSP plants is
solar power globally. (USD 4000–USD 9000/kW). expected to be half as
(CSP) • Many existing CSP plants • Hybrid PV and CSP plants. technologies mature.
use fossil fuel as backup. • New lightweight low-cost • LCOE of USD 0.11–USD
• LCOE of USD 0.20–USD reflector optics. 0.16/kWh (typical).
0.25/kWh (typical).
Wave energy • More than 100 pilot • Cost reduction. • Contribute to 1%–2% of
projects exist throughout • Go further offshore at larger global electricity generation.
the world. depth and higher waves. • LCOE will be higher than
• Testing up to 5 km offshore • Synergetic research with the that of fossil fuel power
and 50 m in depth. offshore wind industry with plants, similar as that of
• LCOE of USD 0.37–USD shared infrastructures. offshore wind in 2015.
0.71/kWh (10 MW scale).
Fuel cell—low • FCV commercialized. • Improve durability and • >5000 hours lifetime for
temperature • 2500 hours of durability in robustness. FCV.
FCV application (typical). • Cost reduction to increase • FCV becomes economic
• PEMFC for UPS. market acceptance. viable.
• USD 51/kW for FCV. • Develop non-rare metal • Growth in portable and
catalysts. home applications.
• USD 40/kW for FCV.
(Continued )