Page 27 - Renewable Energy Devices and System with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS

14 Renewable Energy Devices and Systems with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS ®
®

TABLE 1.1 (Continued )
Renewable Energy Technologies: Present Status, Research Challenges and Opportunities,
and Future Trends to 2025
Renewable Research Challenges and
Energies Present Status Opportunities Trends to 2025 (Prediction)
Fuel cell—high • SOFC and MCFC have • Improve durability. • SOFC commercial DG
temperature majority. • Stack sintering of SOFC. plants.
• Fuel cell–based micro- • Improve conversion • Degradation: 0.2%/1000
Combined Heat and Power efficiency. hours.
(m-CHP). • USD 2500/kWe at 1 MWe.
Batteries • Efficiency of 75%–95%. • Improve reliability. • Reliability and energy
(storage) • Cost near competitive for • New materials to enhance density to be improved.
many off-grid and remote energy density. • Growth in on-grid
applications. • Battery management applications.
• USD 300–USD 3500/kW systems. • USD 1000/kW for new
for distributed or off-grid on-grid battery systems.
storage.
Hydrogen • Hydrogen FCV • Energy efficiency is a • Market introduction of
(storage) commercialized. challenge. hydrogen power plant.
• MW-level plants • New methods for hydrogen • Hydrogen from renewables.
demonstrated. storage and transport. • 70% cost reduction for
• Efficiency of 22%–50%. • Thermal management. electric vehicle applications.
• Compressed hydrogen
transport.
• USD 500–USD 750/kW.
Notes: The LCOE of fossil fuel power plants is typically from USD 0.045 to USD 0.14/kWh.
Abbreviations: LCOE, levelized cost of energy; MV, medium voltage; USD, U.S. dollars; DFIG, doubly fed induction gen-
erator; PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous generator; PV, photovoltaic; FCV, fuel cell vehicles; PEMFC, proton
exchange membrane fuel cells; SOFC, solid oxide fuel cells; MCFC, molten carbonate fuel cells; UPS, uninterruptible power
supply; DG, distributed generation.

This book covers topics of
• Maximum power point techniques for PV systems
• Single-phase and three-phase grid-connected PV systems, respectively
• Fuel cells and their power conversion and control
• Small and large wind turbine systems, respectively, including power electronics and electric
generators
• Marine hydrokinetic generators and power plants
• Batteries and ultracapacitors used for renewable energy support
• Architectures, controls, and other microgrid issues
The papers on related topics of smart grid published in the double special issue 42(3–4) are also
recommended for further reading [41].

REFERENCES

1. International Energy Agency (IEA), World energy outlook 2004, OECD, Paris, France, 2004, http://www.
worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2008-1994/weo2004.pdf, Retrieved on October 26, 2016.
2. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable energy capacity statistics 2015, June 2015,
http://www.irena.org/publications, last accessed June 6, 2015.