Page 59 - Separation process principles 2

24 Chapter 1 Separation Processes

REFERENCES

1. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., John 8. DWYER, J.L., Biotechnology, 1,957 (Nov. 1984).
Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 17, pp. 183-256 (1982). 9. KELLER, G.E., 11, AIChE Monogr: Sez, 83(17) (1987).
2. MAUDE, A.H., Trans. AIChE, 38,865-882 (1942). 10. POLING, B.E., J.M. PRAUSNITZ, and J.P. O'CONNELL, The Properties of
3. CONSIDINE, D.M., Ed., Chemical and Process Technology Encyclope- 'US" and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill~ New York (2001).
dia, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 760-763 (1974). 11. DALIBERT, T.E., and R.P. DANNER, Physical and Thermodynarnic
- -
Properties of Pirre Chen~icals-Data Cornpilation, DIPPR, AIChE,
4. CARLE, T.C., and D.M. STEWAKT, Chem. lnd. (London), May 12, 1962,
Hemisphere, New York (1989).
830-839.
12. WOODS, D.R., Process Design and Engineering Practice, Prentice-
5. PERRY, R.H., and D.W. GREEN, Eds., Perry's Chemical Etlgineers' Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1995),
Handbook, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1997).
13. CUSSLER, E.L., and G.D. MOGGRIDGE, Chemical Product Design,
6. SIIROLA, J.J., AlChE Symp. Sez, 91(304), 222-233 (1995). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2001).
7. SHERWOOD, T.K., R.L. PIGFORD, and C.R. WILKE, Mass Transfer, 14. SEIDER, W.D., J.D. SEADER, and D.R. LEWIN, Product & Process
McGraw-Hill, New York (1975). Design Principles, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2004).

EXERCISES

Section 1.1 Section 1.3
1.1 The book, Chemical Process Industries, 4th edition, by 1.4 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of making sepa-
R. Nonis Shreve and J. A. Brink, Jr. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984), rations using an ESA versus using an MSA.
contains process descriptions, process flow diagrams, and technical
1.5 Every other year, the magazine Hydrocarbon Processing
data for processes used commercially in 38 chemical industries. publishes a petroleum-refining handbook, which gives process-
For each of the following processes, draw a block-flow diagram of
flow diagrams and data for more than 75 commercial processes.
just the reaction and separation steps and describe the process in
For each of the following processes in the November 1990 hand-
terms of just those steps, giving careful attention to the particular book, list the separation operations of the type given in Table 1.1
chemicals being formed in the reactor and separated in each of the
and indicate what chemical(s) is(are) being separated:
separation operations:
(a) Hydrotreating (Chevron), p. 114
(a) Coal chemicals, pp. 72-74
(b) Ethers (Phillips), p. 128
(b) Natural gas purification, pp. 84-86
(c) Alkylation (Exxon), p. 130
(c) Acetylene, pp. 115-117
(d) Treating of BTX cut (GKT), p. 136
(d) Magnesium compounds, pp. 174-177
1.6 Every other year, the magazine Hydrocarbon Processing pub-
(e) Chlorine and caustic soda, pp. 214-219
lishes a petrochemical handbook, which gives process-flow dia-
(f) Potassium chloride, pp. 269-270 grams and data for more than 50 commercial processes. For each of
(g) Ammonia, pp. 278-282 the following processes in the March 1991 handbook, list the sepa-
(h) Sulfuric acid, pp. 299-3 10 ration operations of the type given in Table 1.1 and indicate what
(i) Fluorocarbons, pp. 321-323 chemical(s) is(are) being separated:
Cj) Uranium, pp. 338-340 (a) Linear alkylbenzene (UOP), p. 130
(b) Methyl amines (Acid-Amine Technologies), p. 133
(k) Titanium dioxide, pp. 388-390
(1) Cottonseed oil, pp. 468-47 1 (c) Butene-2 (Phillips), p. 144
(m) Glycerin, pp. 502-503 (d) Caprolactam (SNIA), p. 150 i
(n) Industrial alcohol, pp. 530-534 (e) Ethylene glycols (Scientific Design), p. 156 I
(0) Polyethylene, pp. 587-588 (f) Styrene (Monsanto), p. 188
(p) Formaldehyde, pp. 596-598
(q) Styrene, pp. 630435 Section 1.4
(r) Natural-gas liquids, pp. 660-661 1.7 Explain why osmosis is not used as a separation operation.
1.8 The osmotic pressure, T, of sea water is given approximately
Section 1.2
by the expression n = RTcIM, where c is the concentration of the
1.2 Explain in detail, using thermodynamic principles, why the dissolved salts (solutes) in g/cm3 and M is the average molecular
mixing of pure chemicals to form a homogeneous mixture is a so- weight of the solutes as ions. If pure water is to be recovered from
called spontaneous process, while the separation of that mixture sea water at 298 K and containing 0.035 g of salts/cm3 of sea water
into its pure (or nearly pure) species is not. and M = 31.5, what is the minimum required pressure difference
1.3 Explain in detail, using the first and second laws of thermo- across the membrane in kPa?
dynamics, why the separation of a mixture into essentially pure 1.9 It has been shown that a liquid membrane of aqueous ferrous
species or other mixtures of differing compositions requires the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, maintained between two sets of
transfer of energy to the mixture or a degradation of its energy. microporous, hydrophobic, hollow fibers that are packed in a