Page 8 - Silence in Intercultural Communication

Table of contents vii

5.2.3 Video and audio recording from classroom observation 104
5.2.3.1 Participation coding scheme 104
5.2.3.2 Conversation analysis 105
5.2.4 Follow-up/stimulated recall interview 107
5.3 Talk and silence in the case studies: Comparison of performance
and perceptions 107
5.3.1 Case Study 1: Tadashi 107
5.3.2 Case Study 2: Miki 111
5.3.3 Case Study 3: Aya 114
5.3.4 Summary 115
5.4 Linguistic factors contributing to silence 115
5.4.1 Language proficiency 115
5.4.2 Norms of turn-taking 120
5.4.2.1 Silent inter-turn pauses leading to a delayed
response turn 121
5.4.2.2 Silent inter-turn pauses leading to expansion
of the elicitation turn 123
5.4.2.3 Silent inter-turn pauses leading to other students’
self-selection 127
5.4.2.4 Timing of self-selection 134
5.4.2.5 Summary: Norms of turn-taking 140
5.4.3 Participant structures 141
5.4.3.1 Case Study 1 142
5.4.3.2 Case Study 2 145
5.4.3.3 Case Study 3 148
5.4.4 Preferred mode of communication 152
5.4.5 Summary 154
5.5 Socio-psychological factors contributing to silence 154
5.5.1 Silence as a strategy to maintain positive face of the self 154
5.5.2 Silence to save the other’s face: “Don’t do the FTA” strategy 157
5.5.3 Silence as an “off-record” strategy 161
5.5.4 Assessment of politeness and negotiated silence 166
5.5.5 Context and politeness orientation 168
5.5.6 Summary 171
5.6 Cognitive factors contributing to silence 171
5.6.1 Speed of reaction 171
5.6.2 Knowledge schema, topic and shared knowledge 173
5.6.3 Norms of relevance 177
5.6.3.1 Topic relevance 177
5.6.3.2 Relevance of critical comments 189