Page 173 - Socially Intelligent Agents Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots
P. 173

156                                            Socially Intelligent Agents

                             the robot. Instead, we want to engineer for the human side of the equation—to
                             design Kismet in such a way to support what comes naturally to people, so
                             that they will intuitively communicate with and teach the robot. Towards this,
                             we have learned that both artistic and scientific insights play an important role
                             in designing sociable robots that follow the infant-caregiver metaphor. The
                             design encourages people to intuitively engage in appropriate interactions with
                             the robot, from which we can explore socially situated learning scenarios.

                             Acknowledgments
                               The author gratefully acknowledges the creativity and ingenuity of the members of the Hu-
                             manoid Robotics Group at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. This work was funded by NTT
                             and Darpa contract DABT 63–99–1–0012.

                             References
                              [1] C. Breazeal and B. Scassellati. A Context-Dependent Attention System for a Social
                                 Robot. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intel-
                                 ligence (IJCAI99), pages 1146–1151, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999.
                              [2] C. Breazeal and L. Aryananda. Recognition of Affective Communicative Intent in Robot-
                                 Directed Speech. In Proceedings of the First IEEE-RAS International Conference on
                                 Humanoid Robots (Humanoids2000), Cambridge, MA, 2000.
                              [3] C. Breazeal. Designing Sociable Robots. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
                              [4] M. Bullowa, editor. Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication.
                                 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1979.
                              [5] J. Cahn. Generating Expression in Synthesized Speech. S.M. thesis, Massachusetts Insti-
                                 tute of Technology, Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 1990.
                              [6] J. Cole. About Face. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
                              [7] K. Dautenhahn. The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents: Science, Fiction, and
                                 the Human in the Loop. in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 12(7–8): 573–617, 1998.
                              [8] I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive move-
                                 ments. In R. Hinde, editor, Nonverbal Communication, pages 297–311. Cambridge Uni-
                                 versity Press, Cambridge, UK, 1972.
                              [9] A. Fernald. Intonation and communicative intent in mother’s speech to infants: Is the
                                 melody the message? Child Development, 60: 1497–1510, 1989.
                             [10] I. Murray and L. Arnott. Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: A review
                                 of the literature on human vocal emotion. Journal Acoustical Society of America, 93(2):
                                 1097–1108, 1993.
                             [11] F. Parke and K. Waters. Computer Facial Animation. A. K. Peters, Wellesley, MA, 1996.
                             [12] C. Smith and H. Scott. A Componential Approach to the Meaning of Facial Expressions.
                                 In J. Russell and J.M. Fernández-Dols, editors, The Psychology of Facial Expression,
                                 pages 229–254. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997.
                             [13] F. Thomas and O. Johnston. Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press,
                                 New York, 1981.
   168   169   170   171   172   173   174   175   176   177   178