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126 PART 2 • STRATEGY FORMULATION

40. Define and discuss the “spam” problem in the United States.
41. Define and explain value chain analysis (VCA).
42. List five financial ratios that may be used by your university to monitor operations.
43. Explain benchmarking.

Notes

1. Reprinted by permission of the publisher from “Integrating 11. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern
Strength–Weakness Analysis into Strategic Planning,” by Library, 1937): 3–4.
William King, Journal of Business Research 2, no. 4: p. 481. 12. Richard Daft, Management, 3rd ed. (Orlando, FL: Dryden
Copyright 1983 by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. Press, 1993): 512.
2. Igor Ansoff, “Strategic Management of Technology” 13. Shelley Kirkpatrick and Edwin Locke, “Leadership: Do
Journal of Business Strategy 7, no. 3 (Winter 1987): 38. Traits Matter?” Academy of Management Executive 5,
3. Claude George Jr., The History of Management Thought, no. 2 (May 1991): 48.
2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972): 174. 14. Peter Drucker, Management Tasks, Responsibilities, and
4. Robert Grant, “The Resource-Based Theory of Practice (New York: Harper & Row, 1973): 463.
Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy 15. Brian Dumaine, “What the Leaders of Tomorrow See,”
Formulation,” California Management Review (Spring Fortune (July 3, 1989): 51.
1991): 116. 16. J. Evans and B. Bergman, Marketing (New York:
5. J. B. Barney, “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Macmillan, 1982): 17.
Advantage,” Journal of Management 17 (1991): 99–120; 17. Suzanne Vranica, “Ads to Go Leaner, Meaner in ’09,” Wall
J. B. Barney, “The Resource-Based Theory of the Firm,” Street Journal (January 5, 2009): B8.
Organizational Science 7 (1996): 469; J. B. Barney, “Is the 18. Bruce Horowitz, “2 Million Enjoy Free Breakfast at
Resource-Based ‘View’ a Useful Perspective for Strategic Denny’s,” USA Today (February 4, 2009): 1B, 2B.
Management Research? Yes.” Academy of Management 19. Quoted in Robert Waterman, Jr., “The Renewal Factor,”
Review 26, no. 1 (2001): 41–56. BusinessWeek (September 14, 1987): 108.
6. Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership 20. J. Van Horne, Financial Management and Policy
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985): 9. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974): 10.
7. Ellen Byron, “A New Odd Couple: Google, P&G Swap 21. Ben Worthen, “Oracle to Pay First Dividend,” Wall Street
Workers to Spur Innovation,” Wall Street Journal Journal (March 19, 2009): B1.
(November 19, 2008): A1. 22. Kevin Klowden, “The Quiet Revolution in Transportation,”
8. John Lorsch, “Managing Culture: The Invisible Barrier to Wall Street Journal (April 24, 2007): A14.
Strategic Change,” California Management Review 28, no. 2 23. Philip Rousebl, Kamal Saad, and Tamara Erickson, “The
(1986): 95–109. Evolution of Third Generation R&D,” Planning Review 19,
9. Y. Allarie and M. Firsirotu, “How to Implement Radical no. 2 (March–April 1991): 18–26.
Strategies in Large Organizations,” Sloan Management 24. Vida Scarpello, William Boulton, and Charles Hofer,
Review (Spring 1985): 19. “Reintegrating R&D into Business Strategy,” Journal of
10. www.mindtools.com/plfailpl.html. Business Strategy 6, no. 4 (Spring 1986): 50–51.

Current Readings

Aggarwal, Vikas, and David Hsu. “Modes of Cooperative R&D Gandossy, Robert, and Robin Guarnieri. “Can You Measure
Commercialization by Start-Ups.” Strategic Management Leadership?” MIT Sloan Management Review 50, no. 1
Journal (August 2009): 835–864. (Fall 2008): 65.
Amit, Raphael, and Christoph Zott. “The Fit Between Product Favaro, Ken, Tim Romberger, and David Meer. “Five Rules for
Market Strategy and Business Model: Implications for Retailing in a Recession.” Harvard Business Review
Firm Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 29, (April 2009): 64–73.
no. 1 (January 2008): 1. Fine, Leslie. “The Bottom Line: Marketing and Firm
Cannella, Albert A., Jr., Ho-Uk Lee, and Jong-Hun Park. Performance.” Business Horizons (May–June 2009):
“Top Management Team Functional Background Diversity 209–214.
and Firm Performance: Examining the Roles of Team Garnier, Jean-Pierre. “Rebuilding the R&D Engine in Big
Member Relocation and Environmental Uncertainty.” Pharma.” Harvard Business Review (May 2008): 68.
The Academy of Management Journal 51, no. 4 Montgomery, Cynthia A. “Putting Leadership Back into
(August 2008): 768. Strategy.” Harvard Business Review (January 2008): 54.