Page 237 - Sustainability in the Process Industry Integration and Optimization

214 Cha p te r N i n e

Solar Coal
Hydro Gas/Oil
Hydrogen
Wind
Ground
Biomass
Heat

Apply EMINENT tool to assess the
new technology potential

Energy supply system
Intermediate products
Biomass/waste
Pre-
Coal treat- Electricity
ment- Transpor- Conver-
Oil sys- tation and sion
tems storage processes
Natural gas Distribu- Heat
tion and
EST
Hydro storage
Transportation
Wind to be fuel
evaluated
Solar energy
Geothermal
FIGURE 9.11 Methodology employed in EMINENT toolbox (after Klemeš et al.,
2007b).

needed to establish full energy supply chains; and (3) resources
the EST would require to satisfy the full energy supply chain.
Output: (1) aggregate numbers; (2) application potential of ESTs per
(sub)sector; (3) annual cost of energy delivery per consumer and
per (sub)sector; and (4) annual CO emissions.
2
Performance indicators: (1) efficiency of energy supply chain;

(2) usage of primary fossil energy; (3) CO emissions per MW∙h;
2
and (4) costs of delivered energy [€/MW∙h].
Most of the ESTs analyzed were not yet able to achieve the cost
levels of existing technologies. Some of the ESTs—for instance,
molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs)—could become competitive
with relatively small efforts aimed at cost reduction. Various
promising future trends located with the help of EMINENT have
been supported by policy makers. Some near-term prospects are:
(1) diverse energy systems that encompass supplies, management,
and control of demand; (2) market-based grids with large power
stations, including wind farms of different types; (3) local distributed
generation, including biomass, waste, and wind; (4) micro generation,