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Dedicated energy crops 6.2–7.5 15–20 17.1–17.5 200 >70 700–1200 45.5–46.1 5.7–5.8 0.50–1.0 41–44 0.08–0.13 0.09 0.3–0.5 9

Cereal straw 3–10 14–25 16.5–17.4 100–170 70–81 700–1000 45–48 5.0–6.0 0.4–0.6 36–48 0.05–0.2 0.14–0.97 0.69–1.3 0.1–0.6

Wood pellets 0.4–1.5 7–12 16.2–19 500–780 >70 >1120 48–52 6.0–6.4 0.27–0.9 ≈40 0.04–0.08 0.02–0.04 NA NA

Wood chips 0.8–1.4 20–50 19.2–19.4 250–350, 320–450 76–86 1000–1400 47–52 6.1–6.3 <0.3 38–45 <0.05 0.02 ≈0.02 ≈0.04
Properties of Various Woody and Herbaceous Feedstocks Compared to Coal and Natural Gas

Forest residues 1–3 50–60 18.5–20 NA >70 NA 48–52 6.0–6.2 0.3–0.5 40–44 <0.05 0.01–0.04 0.1–0.4 0.2–0.9

Willow 1.1–4.0 50–60 18.4–19.2 120 >70 NA 47–51 5.8–6.7 0.2–0.8 40–46 0.02–0.10 0.02–0.05 0.2–0.05 0.2–0.7 Source: Kavalov, B. and S. D. Peteves: “Status and Perspectives of Biomass-to-Liquid Fuels in the European Union,” European Commission. Directorate General Joint Research Centre

Bark 69.6–77.2 1300–1700 24.3–42.4 0.01–0.03 0.02–0.08
3.5–8 45–65 18.0–23 320 48–52 4.6–6.8 0.3–0.8 <0.05 0.1–0.4

Wood 0.4–0.5 5–60 18.5–20 390–640 >70 1400–1700 48–52 6.2–6.4 0.1–0.5 38–42 <0.05 0.01–0.03 0.02–0.05 0.1–1.5

Natural gas 0 0 48 NA 100 — 75 24 0.9 0.9 0 — — —

Bituminous Coal 8.5–10.9 5–10 26–28.3 1100–1500 25–40 1100–1400 76–87 3.5–5 0.8–1.5 2.8–11.3 0.5–3.1 <0.1 0.003 4–12 (DGJRC), Institute for Energy, Petten, The Netherlands, 2005.

TABLE 10.1 d% Ash, w% Moisture, MJ/kg NCV, Density, kg/m 3 Volatile w% matter, melting Ash point, T°C d% C, d% H, N, d% d% O, S, d% Cl, d% K, d% Ca, d%

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