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NOTES
The Government during
6
the Kosovo Crisis—The Macro
Review
1. This weighting is selected because the United States played a domi-
nant role in both pushing NATO into military intervention and in
providing the majority of resources for the engagement. Thus, the
policies of the United States were more important in determining out-
comes than those of the EU, in general, and individual EU countries,
in particular.
2. There is again more weight on U.S. government institutions for the
same reasons as in the previous note.
3. Over this period, 205 government actions were documented, 161 of
the acts were press releases or statements, 31 involved direct diplo-
macy between Western officials and Yugoslav leaders (either with one
side or both), and 38 involved diplomatic meetings amongst Western
leaders to primarily discuss the Kosovo conflict. At some of these
meetings, press releases and statements were also issued. However,
such cases were only counted as one government action. As such, the
total number of diplomatic meetings and press releases/statements
exceeds 205 if counted separately.
4. At least seven actions are considered significant.
5. One critical article states, “the leading NATO powers wanted to
bomb Yugoslavia, and imposed negotiating conditions on the Serb
delegation that assured their rejection by inserting a proviso in
‘Appendix B’ of the Rambouillet agreement/ultimatum that required
Yugoslavia to permit NATO forces occupying rights throughout all of
Yugoslavia, not just in Kosovo.” Edward S. Herman and David
Peterson, “CNN: Selling NATO’s War Globally,” in Degraded
Capacity: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, ed. Philip Hammond and
Edward S. Herman (London: Pluto Press, 2000), 115–117.
6. NATO, Press Release (98) 80, “Statement by NATO Secretary-
General, Dr. Javier Solana, on Exercise Determined Falcon,”
June 13, 1998, via http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1998/p98-
080e.htm.
7. Daalder and O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly, 23. Also see, CNN News,
“U.N. Demands Cease-Fire in Kosovo,” CNN.com, September 23,
1998, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9809/23/
kosovo.02/; and CNN News, “NATO Prepares for Possible Air
Strikes in Kosovo,” CNN.com, September 24, 1998, via
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9809/24/kosovo.01/.
8. The details of the 161 documents used in this study, segmented by
government department/institution, are presented in Appendix A.
9. Intercoder reliability .89 (143/161).