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Incineration of MSW 271

TABLE 9.6
Concentration Ranges of Elements in MSW and Bottom Ash, Fly Ash, and
Suspended Particulates from MSW Incineration
Element MSW Bottom Ash Fly Ash Suspended Possible
(Combustible Particulates Carcinogens
Fraction)
Ag <3–7 52–220 84–2000
Al(%) 0.54–1.17 2.6–14.2 9.0–14.2 0.58–4.8
As 9.4–74 81–510 X
Ba 47–447 80–9000 1600–360 40–1700
Be <2 X
Bi <15–30
C(%) 1.0–28.7 1.7–7.4 1.8–2.2
Ca(%) 0.59–1.65 3.6–11.2 3.3–8.6 0.66–5.3
Cd 4—22 3.8–442 <1–477 520–2100 X
Cl 0.2–1.0 0.12–1.12 9.29
Co <3–5 25–54 3.8–28
Cr 22–96 730–1900 122–1800 X
Cu 79–877 630–4281 69–2000 3000
F 140–200 130–250 1500–3100 990–6800
Fe(%) 0.10–0.35 2.1–32 2.4–8.7 0.17–1.8
Hg 1–4.4 0.03–3.5 0.09–25 20–2000
K(%) 0.09–0.21 0.42–2.41
Mg(%) 0.09–0.21 0.04–0.86 0.5–2.1 0.31–2.8
Mn(%) 0.005–0.02 0.08–39 0.20–0.85 0.03–0.57
Mo
N(%) 0–0.35 0
Na(%) 0.18–0.74 2.3–14.2 1.12–1.94 5.1–9.8
Ni 9–90 110–210 38.6–960 65–440 X
P(%) 0.04–0.83
Pb(%) 0.01–0.15 0.04–0.80 0.06–0.54 2.5–15.5 X
S(%) 0.27–1.0 1.9–3.6 0.001–0.01
Sb 20 139–760 610–12000
Se 1.4–13 7.0–122
Si(%) 4.7–9.4
Sn(%) <0.002–0.004 0.01–0.1 0.12–0.26 0.4–1.51
Sr 11–35 110–220
Ti(%) 0.14–.31 0.04–0.90 2.5–4.2 0.13–1.29
Tl 150
V 110–166 6–60
Zn(%) 0.02–0.25 0.35–3.61 0.08–2.6 4.7–24
Source: Lisk, D.J., Sci. Total Environ., 74, 39–66, 1988. Reproduced with kind permission from Elsevier,
Oxford, UK.

metals become much more bioavailable. Metals such as lead and cadmium are readily leachable from
ash at levels that frequently exceed federal limits for defining a hazardous waste.
Many consumer products contribute toxic metals to the municipal waste stream. Arsenic may
originate in paint, ceramics, and old insecticides. Chromium may originate from metal plating, and
occurs in plastics, inks, and paints. Mercury occurs in flashlight batteries, fungicides, newspapers,
paints, and plastics. Batteries, plastics, and other pigment uses are major contributors of lead and cad-
mium to MSW. The major sources of lead and cadmium in MSW appear in Tables 4.13 and 4.14,