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313                         =>   time  of  its   (T,)  and   flow   heat       potato  was   the   km  depth   indicates   old,   assumptions   and   for-   its   to   form   like   be   the  oven;   the

       Earth                       Time   the  state  at   near  the  center   time;  the  average       Time  since  Earth  formed   (million  years)   1   years   formation,   of   time   one   would   setting,

       the                           molten                                          temperature  at  about   surface   billion   4.6   his   of   its   the   from   it   microwave   enough
       Heat  Within   o   ==  MOld  186}   a  Earth  (T,),in   highest   is        temperature  of  a  potato  suggests  the  time  since   loss,  the   Earth’s   near   about   is   Earth   both  because   since   heat   new   conduction.   as   at  originated   decay  elements   analogy,   above   the   a   in   it  placing   low   a   On




                                                        8
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                                     temperature  of  the  temperature  drops  throughout:  it  flowing  across  the  surface  also  decreases  through   Earth.  age  of  the   3%   pb   (9.)  eoeynsgns mojeys   heat  or  convective   temperature   the   that  reveal   low   was  estimate   generating   well   as  convection   heat  Earth’s   of   radioactive   Continuing   and   oven   potato.   the  within
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                                     a)  Original   the  to  estimate         F<BSR   a)  The  surface   new  heat  generation   average   the   techniques   age  Kelvin’s   been   has   Earth   through   all   Not   when  produced   mantle.  Earth’s   normal   the   from   heat   new


                                     through  time.   the  surface,  the  through   rate  of  heat   Kelvin   by             §<  Time  since  potato  removed   (minutes)   oven  Loss  of heat  through  conduction.   Similarly,   10.4b).   (Fig.   dating   million.   the   surface   the   Decay   is   heat   in  primarily   potato   excite  would



                                      Cooling  of  Earth   lost   is   ojeiog  ion  |   &€&   2   from   from  an  oven.  b)  Assuming  no   hour.   an   least   age  Earth’s   Modern   40   to   20   not   inaccurate;   were   to   flows   heat   Radioactive   New  mation.   another,   hot   the  taking   microwaves





                                      10.3  formation.  b)  As  heat  decreases  outward  (to  T;).c)  The  across  the  surface  was  thus  used   8   8   o°       es   10.4   Earth's  age.
                                      FIGURE     a   (9.)  e08pNS  s,0}BI0d Jo  esmBEdWweL   FIGURE   removed   indicates












                                                                   Heat  of   of  the   by-   is  a   Heat  generally   than   readily   tempera-   Earth   the   of   age   the   flow-   heat   heat  Earth's   trans-   is   visualized   by   10.4a).   would   rea-   A  minutes.   for   at

                                                                   regions  of  Earth’s  surface.  a)  temperature  distribution   Heat  production.  New  heat   rocks  conduct   more   heat  another  through  convection.   to   1965).   Elder,   original   of  the   by   time   over   estimated  Kelvin   measurements   of   of   all   that   were   heat   that  state,  and   be   can  model   (Fig.  counter  kitchen   they   hot,   is  potato   last   the   few   oven   the   of   o








                                                                   flows  across  different   original   the  part,  to   time.  b)  mantle  and  continental  crust.  c)  Conduction.   from  one   region   deeper  mantle  (see   the   in   combined   effects   produced   heat   century,  William   on  based   assumptions   molten   a   simple   the   on   it   the   that   within  recently,   had   it





       ‘                                                              through            the   new   and   decay)   years,   from   conduction.  This   laying   feel   and   very   conjecture
                                                                   heat   is  due,  in   Earth  cools  interior  to  it’s  colder  surface.  Locally,  some   transferred   to   19th   million   Kelvin’s   cool   to   and   oven   might
                                                                   that   regions   Earth's   due   is   radioactive   the   40   oven   kitchen   the
                                                                   rate      upper  part  of  the  asthenosphere  and   heat   of  formation)   In   and   10.3).   began   through   an   the   of   potato
       Flow                                                        the   for  all   Large  amounts  of  heat  can  be   EARTH   20   (Fig.   Earth   out   of   enter   out

       Heat                                                        factors  influence   level  of  heat  temperature  decreases  as   internal   (heat   through   Formation   between   surface   the   Earth   to   taken   cold   a
       —_                                                               of  radioactive  decay,  primarily  within   Earth’s  hot   THE   of  Earth’s   Earth   (primarily   of   as   its   when   the   of   potato   were   was   touching
       Chapter10                                                   Several   background   overall   Convection.   WITHIN   Heat   of   of  the   Heat   Earth   across   originated   out   hot   a   If  someone   it   that   person


             a                                                     10.2   A   (T). The   conducts  outward,  from   Convection  can  occur  in  the   HEAT   Sources   Most   ture   itself   the   ing   ferred   taking   son
       312                                                         FIGURE   formation.   Earth   product   others.  d)
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