Page 21 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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Introduction

NOMENCLATURE Greek Letters
α Relative volatility
API API gravity
A% Percent of aromatics in a petroleum ϕ Fugacity coefficient
fraction ω Acentric factor
D Diffusion coefficient σ Surface tension
CH Carbon-to-hydrogen weight ratio ρ Density at temperature T and pressure P
d Liquid density at 20 C and 1 atm μ Viscosity --`,```,`,``````,`,````,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
◦
Kinematic viscosity
ν
K W Watson K factor
k Thermal conductivity
Equilibrium ratio of component i in Acronyms
K i
a mixture
Logarithm of base 10 API-TDB American Petroleum Institute–Technical Data
log 10 Book
ln Logarithm of base e
bbl Barrel
M Molecular weight GOR Gas-to-oil ratio
Minimum number of theoretical plates
N min IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chem-
in a distillation column istry
N% Percent of naphthenes in a petroleum PNA Paraffin, naphthene, aromatic content of a
fraction petroleum fraction
n Sodium D line refractive index of liquid SC Standard conditions
at 20 C and 1 atm, dimensionless scf Standard cubic feet
◦
n Number of moles stb Stock tank barrel
P Pressure STO Stock tank oil
P c Critical pressure STP Standard temperature and pressure
P sat Vapor (saturation) pressure
P% Percent of paraffins in a petroleum IN THIS INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, first the nature of petroleum
fraction fluids, hydrocarbon types, reservoir fluids, crude oils, natural
R Universal gas constant gases, and petroleum fractions are introduced and then types
R i Refractivity intercept and importance of characterization and physical properties
SG Specific gravity at 15.5 C (60 F) are discussed. Application of materials covered in the book in
◦
◦
SUS Saybolt Universal Seconds (unit of various parts of the petroleum industry or academia as well
viscosity) as organization of the book are then reviewed followed by
S% Weight % of sulfur in a petroleum specific features of the book and introduction of some other
fraction related books. Finally, units and the conversion factors for
T Temperature those parameters used in this book are given at the end of the
Boiling point chapter.
T b
Critical temperature
T c
Flash point
T F
Pour point 1.1 NATURE OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS
T P
Melting (freezing point) point
T M
V Volume Petroleum is one of the most important substances consumed
Mole fraction of a component in by man at present time. It is used as a main source of energy
x m
a mixture for industry, heating, and transportation and it also pro-
x v Volume fraction of a component in vides the raw materials for the petrochemical plants to pro-
a mixture duce polymers, plastics, and many other products. The word
x w Weight fraction of a component in a petroleum, derived from the Latin words petra and oleum,
mixture means literally rock oil and a special type of oil called oleum
y Mole fraction of a component in a vapor [1]. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that
phase occur in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases (natural
1
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