Page 106 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

90 3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Data for traffic-dependent energy supply and traffic-dependent emissions are
included in the Transport Emission Model TREMOD 4.0. 72) Data based on the
real situation (until 2003) are complemented by scenarios of future development
(until 2030). TREMOD is, however, not publicly accessible (because of its extent
and complexity). Data for road traffic are coordinated with the handbook on
traffic emissions HBEFA 73) which in its version 2.1 contains emission factors for
Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
Noise emissions should be procured for the impact category ‘noise’, but compre-
hensive data can hardly be collected at justifiable expenditure (see Section 4.5.4.3).
A calculation of noise emissions in proximity to roads is accomplished by an
expansion of the computational emissions programme MOBILEV. 74)

Exercise: Calculation of environmental loads by transport (without supply chain of
the fuel)

For the calculation of the environmental loads of transportation not only are
distances and means of transportation relevant, but also the transport capacity
related to the fU.
In an LCA the packaging system ‘carton packaging for beverages’ is examined with
the following fU:
‘Supply of 1000l filling good at the point of sale’
Transports must, therefore, also be assessed.
Products are transported by a long-distance truck (40 t permitted total weight,
25 t maximum payload). The truck houses a maximum of 34 loading positions for
Euro-pallets, of which 24 are used.
The following table shows the energy consumption of the truck (on the average:
motorway, highway, built-up areas). 75) The truck is supplied with Diesel fuel (LHV:
−1
−1
42.96 MJ kg ; density: 0.832 kg l ).
Empty trip 9.29 MJ km −1
50 % utilisation rate 0.87 MJ tkm −1
−1
100 % utilisation rate 0.50 MJ tkm .
Since the energy consumption of the empty vehicle is allocated to uploaded goods,
−1
the specific energy consumption (in (MJ tkm ) related to the transportation
weight) decreases with increasing utilisation rate.
Fuel consumption as a function of the degree of utilisation divides into a load-
76)
independent part (B empty ), needed by an empty truck, and a load-dependent

72) German: Transport Emissions Modell; Institut f¨ ur Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg,
2006 (The summary can be downloaded at www.ifeu.de); INFRAS, 2004b.
73) German: Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehres.
74) Fige GmbH (quoted according to UBA Dessau, Verkehr, Daten and Modelle, 2008;
http://www.uba.de).
75) Forty-tonne truck average value in Germany in 2005; personal communication IFEU, 2008.
76) B signifies ‘burdens’, more precisely fuel consumption and emissions of the truck.