Page 190 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment

9 Determination of Determination of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Sewage Sludge

Pharmaceutical

Compounds in Sewage

Sludge from Municipal

Wastewater Treatment

Plants

Irene Aparicio, Julia Martín,
Juan Luis Santos, and Esteban Alonso

CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 172
9.2 Methodology for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Sludge .....173
9.2.1 Sample Treatment ............................................................................. 173
9.2.1.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) ............................. 180
9.2.1.2 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)................................. 181
9.2.1.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) ............................ 182
9.2.1.4 Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe
Extraction (QuEChERS) .................................................... 183
9.2.1.5 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) ............................ 183
9.2.2 Extract Clean-up ............................................................................... 184
9.2.3 Analytical Determination ................................................................. 184
9.3 Applicability of Analytical Determination of Pharmaceuticals in
Sewage Sludge: Case Studies ........................................................................ 185
9.3.1 Evolution of Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in Sludge
Treatment Line .................................................................................. 186
9.3.2 Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Sludge from
Different Treatment Technologies .................................................... 188
9.3.3 Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Sewage Sludge
Application onto Soils ...................................................................... 191
9.4 Conclusions and Future Trends ....................................................................192
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................194
References ..............................................................................................................194

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