Page 194 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Determination of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Sewage Sludge 175

References Ternes et al. (2002) Zhang et al. (2016) Dorival-García et al. (2013) Yu and Wu (2012) Okuda et al. (2009) Barron et al. (2008) Herrero et al. (2013) (Continued)

Limits of Detection (ng g−1 d.w.) 2–4a 2–4a 0.7–5.2 2–5 1.4–11 — 2–350 0.8–120 0.5–1

Overview of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Sewage Sludge
Recoveries (%) 83–119 94–117 72–131 97.0–103.6 97.2–104.8 97.3–104.2 57.9–103.1 70–115 45–120 50–110 8–73

Analytical Determination GC-MS/MS GC-MS LC-MS/MS GC-MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS LC-MS/MS

Clean-up GPC SPE (ENVI-18) — SPE (Envi-carb) SPE (Oasis HLB) SPE (Oasis HLB) SPE (Oasis HLB)

Total Solvent Volume 13 mL 3 × 35 mL 10 mL 10 mL 15 mL 12 mL 75 mL 20 mL 20 mL 53 mL n.d.

Extraction Solvents MeOH (4+3 mL), acetone (3+3 mL) Phosphate buffer pH 2 (15 mL), ACN (20 mL) MeOH:McIlvaine buffer (1:1; v/v, pH = 3) MeOH (1% [v/v] formic acid) MeOH:water (pH 11) (9:1, v/v) Water at pH 2 MeOH at pH 4 (PLE: 100 °C) MeOH:water (1:1, v/v) (60 °C) MeOH:acetone (4:1, v/v) (40 °C)

Extraction Technique UAE UAE UAE MAE PLE UAE UAE PLE(1) PLE(2) PLE PLE

Sample Amount 0.5 g 0.5 g 0.5 g 0.5 g 1 g 20 mL 1 g 1 g
TABLE 9.1 (CONTINUED) Sample Therapeutic Group Secondary Estrogens sludge Digested sludge Sewage Anti-inflammatory sludge drugs and estrogens Sewage Antibiotics sludge Sewage Anti-inflammatory sludge drugs, antibacterial agents, anti-epileptics, and lipid regulators Primary 66 pharmaceuticals sludge (anti