Page 9 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

viii Contents

3.2.4 Transmissivity, Specific Yield, and Storativity .................. 76
3.2.5 Determine Groundwater Flow Gradient and Flow
Direction ..................................................................................78
3.3 Groundwater Pumping ......................................................................80
3.3.1 Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer ...........................80
3.3.2 Steady-State Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer ....................83
3.4 Aquifer Tests ........................................................................................86
3.4.1 Theis Method ..........................................................................87
3.4.2 Cooper–Jacob’s Straight-Line Method ................................89
3.4.3 Distance–Drawdown Method ..............................................91
3.5 Migration Velocity of the Dissolved Plume ....................................93
3.5.1 Advection–Dispersion Equation ..........................................94
3.5.2 Diffusivity and Dispersion Coefficient ...............................94
3.5.3 Retardation Factor for Migration in Groundwater .........100
3.5.4 Migration of Dissolved Plume ........................................... 102
3.6 COC Transport in the Vadose Zone ............................................... 106
3.6.1 Liquid Movement in the Vadose Zone .............................. 106
3.6.2 Gaseous Diffusion in the Vadose Zone ............................ 107
3.6.3 Retardation Factor for COC Vapor Migration in the
Vadose Zone.......................................................................... 110
References ..................................................................................................... 112

4 Mass-Balance Concept and Reactor Design .......................................... 113
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 113
4.2 Mass-Balance Concept ...................................................................... 114
4.3 Chemical Kinetics ............................................................................. 117
4.3.1 Rate Equations ...................................................................... 117
4.3.2 Half-Life ................................................................................ 121
4.4 Types of Reactors ...............................................................................123
4.4.1 Batch Reactors ...................................................................... 124
4.4.2 CFSTRs ..................................................................................129
4.4.3 PFRs .......................................................................................130
4.5 Sizing the Reactors ............................................................................133
4.6 Reactor Configurations ....................................................................136
4.6.1 Reactors in Series .................................................................136
4.6.2 Reactors in Parallel .............................................................. 143

5 Vadose Zone Soil Remediation ................................................................ 151
5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 151
5.2 Soil Vapor Extraction ........................................................................ 151
5.2.1 Description of the Soil-Venting Process ........................... 151
5.2.2 Expected Vapor Concentration .......................................... 152
5.2.3 Radius of Influence and Pressure Profile ......................... 163
5.2.4 Vapor Flow Rates ................................................................. 167
5.2.5 COC Removal Rate ..............................................................172