Page 330 - A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems

Chapter 16 • Small-Scale PV Systems Used in Domestic Applications 335

FIGURE 16.2 Block diagrams showing common PV system topologies utilized in small-scale applications, stand-alone
or grid-connected (grid-tied) systems (A) direct DC connection to a load, (B) connection via a DC/DC converter, (C) with
DC/DC converter and battery storage to DC load, (D) stand-alone inverter topology with a DC converter and battery
storage, (E) basic grid-tied inverter topology, and (F) advanced grid-tied topology with bidirectional inverter and
battery storage.

voltage rise at the point of common connection. Note that large-scale disconnection of
grid-tied inverters also result further voltage fluctuations in the local distribution systems.
Therefore, future grid-tied inverters are likely to accommodate advance communication
capabilities to allow “localized islanding mode operation” via internet of things (IoT) in
the case of blackout or voltage fluctuations in streets, campuses, or suburbs. This is likely
to involve significant local battery storage capabilities at building level.
In the following four major sections of this chapter, electrical characteristics of PV
cells and modules used in domestic applications will be given and the common features
of the converter topologies in PV systems will be discussed. Specific attention will be
given to the commonly used grid-tied PV systems as they have the biggest impact on the