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Preface                                                   vii
         This  text  is  written  against  a  series  of  computer-aided  learning
       (CAL)  tutorials.  These tutorials  have been  in  use for  the past  four
       years at University College Cork  (UCC)  (and  more  recently  at the
       University  of  Wales, Cardiff  and  Dublin  City  University),  and  are
       extremely popular with the 300  students per  year taking the course.
       With  such  a  back-up  to  the  courseware,  the  main  recommended
       physical chemistry textbook,  the large and small group tutorials and
       the  lecture course,  the  student  should  not  feel  so isolated  with  the
       problems associated with physical chemistry.
         The use  of  the  CAL courseware in  UCC is entirely optional  and
       supplementary to the normal teaching programme (namely, lectures,
       practicals,  large  and  small  group  tutorials),  but  the  interactive
       nature  of  the  courseware, especially for numerical  problem  solving,
       is  very  attractive to the  students,  particularly  to those  with  a weak
       chemistry background.  As  the courseware is based  upon  UCC-type
       examination questions and also reflects the UCC lecturer’s approach
       to  his  teaching,  the  tutorials  are  not  100%  transferable  to  other
       third-level institutions,  but the physical chemistry tutorials are avail-
       able  from  the  authors  to  illustrate  the  approach  taken  in  writing
       the  courseware  and  are  available  free  of  charge  on  the  Internet
       at URL: http://www .cf. ac. uk/uwcc/chem y/murphybm/bm 1. html.  This
       generally  follows  the  approach  of  the  individual  chapters  in  the
       present text and, in any case, the authors firmly believe that the best
       courseware should  be  written  in-house, to best  reflect the  approach
       of the course lecturer involved.
         One final point. This text is based on the current first-year science
       chemistry course  of  a  four-year  B.Sc.  degree course  taken  at  Uni-
       versity College Cork. The majority of students taking this course are
       non-intending  chemists. Although  the text  covers most  of  the  main
       areas of a typical general chemistry course, the authors do not claim in
       any way that this material is the most appropriate for such a course;
       indeed, many universities may include topics such as spectroscopy in
       such  a course,  and  may  prefer  to change  the  order  of  the  subjects
       taught. This, however, is not the purpose of this text. For example, the
       two chapters on kinetics are relegated to the end of  the text, as the
       authors have found that students have trouble with some of the maths
       in this section. Also, the two chapters on electrochemistry are slightly
       expanded,  since  many  students  have  expressed  concern  over  the
       presentation of such material in other texts. So, in conclusion, this text
       is  in  many  senses  in  response  to  the  needs  of  the  non-intending
       chemistry students who  have  struggled for  far  too  long  in  physical
       chemistry at this level. However, it is hoped that lecturers and teachers
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