Page 201 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

H i v i n g r e a s o n s : a s , o e c a u s e , o e c a u s e 0 1 , e i c ;
Hiving
as,
pecause OT,
CIC.,;
pecause,
reasons:
a n d w i t h
f o rfor and with
As, because, seeing that/as, since
because,
since
that/as,
As,
seeing
We can beginbegin a a clause with these words to give a a reason forfor a particularparticular situation:
can
We
reason
a
to
give
these
with
situation:
clause
words
• ¢ As it was getting late, I decided I should go home.
go
home.
As
decided
getting
|
late,
was
it
I
should
• ¢ We must be near the beach, because / can hear thethe waves.
waves.
because
must
the
beach,
We
/
hear
can
be
near
• ¢ Since he was going to be living in Sweden for some time, he thought he should readread
was
he
should
Since
he
thought
in
some
for
Sweden
living
time,
going
be
to
he
something about the country.
something
about
country.
the
• ¢ We could go and visit Sue, seeing that we have to drive past her house anyway.
past
could
that
Sue,
her
seeing
have
We
to
drive
anyway.
and
we
house
visit
go
Notice that:
Notice
that:
acceptable
as in:
begin a
also common and
sentence,
for because to
It is
• ¢ It is also common and acceptable for because to begin a sentence, as in:
• ¢ Because everything looked different, I had no ideaidea where to go.
to
no
looked
everything
go.
where
|
had
different,
Because
• ¢ To give reasons inin spokenspoken English, we most often use because (often spokenspoken as 'cos'). So is
'cos').
most
To
is
give
often
because
we
(often
as
So
English,
use
reasons
used
also commonlycommonly used to express the same meaning. Compare:
express
same
to
meaning.
the
Compare:
also
Because
mother's
|
my
won't
to
you
all.
after
be
able
meet
arrived,
Thursday
g • ¢ Because my mother's arrived, I won't be able to meet you on Thursday after all.
on
My mother's arrived,
after
meet
you
• My mother's arrived, so I won'twon't be able to meet you on Thursday after all.
to
so
¢
be
Thursday
able
|
all.
on
• ¢ With this meaning, since is ratherrather formal:
is
meaning,
since
formal:
this
With
('since'
is unlikely in an informal context)
I didn't go out because I was feeling awful,
• * I didn't go out because I was feeling awful. ('since’ is unlikely in an informal context)
Seeing that is used in informal
in informal speech:
English.
Some people also use seeing as
• ¢ Seeing that is used in informal English. Some people also use seeing as in informal speech:
He just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he'd made a mistake.
• ¢ He just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he'd made a mistake.
For, in that, inasmuch as
as
For,
that,
inasmuch
in
B
We also give reasons with these phrases in formal oror literary written English:
also
give
written
reasons
literary
phrases
in
formal
these
with
English:
We
• ¢ We mustmust begin planning now, for the future maymay bring unexpected changes.
begin
bring
unexpected
planning
future
the
We
changes.
for
now,
• ¢ The film is unusual in that there are only four actors in it.
four
is
are
in
unusual
only
The
that
there
film
in
it.
actors
• ¢ Clara and I I have quite an easy life, inasmuch as neither of us has to workwork too hard but we
we
life,
Clara
ofus
neither
quite
inasmuch
but
to
easy
and
as
hard
has
too
have
an
earn quite a lotlot of money.
money.
quite
earn
of
a
Because of, due to, owing
Because of, due to, owing to to
reason
before a
also
Because of is
used
for something.
be
used to
give a
These prepositions can also be used to give a reason for something. Because of is used before a
These prepositions can
noun or noun phrase:
phrase:
or
noun
noun
weather.
of
We
to
because
come
able
the
9 • * We won'twon't be able to come because of the weather.
be
• ¢ The Prime MinisterMinister returned home because of growing unrest in the country.
in
the
Prime
returned
The
growing
unrest
home
of
country.
because
Compare:
Compare:
We were delayed because there was an accident,
(not ...because of there was...) and
• ¢ We were delayed because there was an accident. (not ...because of there was...) and
We were delayed because of an accident,
(not ...because an accident.)
• ¢ We were delayed because of an accident. (not ...because an accident.)
Due to andand owing to also meanmean 'because of:
to
to
Due
‘because
also
owing
of:
(= because of a leg injury.)
leg injury.
She was unable to run owing to/due to a
• ¢ She was unable to run owing to/due to a leg injury. (= because of a leg injury.)
We have less money to spend owing to/due to budget cuts.
(= because of budget cuts.)
With (a soewdive) > For: purpose = for, at the beginning of a similar meaning to 'because of: ;
• ¢ We have less money to spend owing to/due to budget cuts. (= because of budget cuts.)
people
owing to
verb be:
using
after the
avoid
Most people avoid using owing to after the verb be:
gost
success is largely
due to the new director,
(not ...owing to...)
The company's
• * The company's success is largely due to the new director. (not ...owing to...)
For and with
For and with
introduce reasons.
For has
for and
use
with to
a
We can
We can use for and with to introduce reasons. For has a similar meaning to ‘because of:
(= because
of) her stay in hospital.
She was looking all the better for
• ¢ She was looking all the better for (= because of) her stay in hospital.
With has a
is common
above.)
(Compare B
for
in most styles
of English.
With this meaning,
With this meaning, for is common in most styles of English. (Compare B above.) With has a
is/are':
'because there
similar meaning
similar meaning to to ‘because there is/are’:
With so many people ill (= because so many people are ill), I've decided to cancel the meeting.
• ¢ With so many people ill (= because so many people are ill), I've decided to cancel the meeting.
a reason.
introduce
but not
use with,
sentence to
Notice we can use with, but not for, at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a reason.
Notice we can
l
For: how ong =
As: time = => (GE = For: pupose=
With
As: time
i +ing=
With + ng = (EE 9 For howbg=
With (a screwdriver) =