Page 205 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

a i i n o u g n
i n o u g n ;
e v e n
u o n i r a s i s : dIMOUGH ana TNOUGK, even
VON dstS.
a n a
t h o u g h / i f ; i n s p i t e of a n d d e s p i t e
though/if;
despite
in
spite
o f and
Although and though
Although and though
use
unexpected contrast between
say that there
although or though when we want to
is
an
We
We use although or though when we want to say that there is an unexpected contrast between
what happened in the main clause and what happened in the adverbial clause:
what happened in the main clause and what happened in the adverbial clause:
a • ¢ Although/Though Reid failed to score himself, he helped Jones score two goals. (or Reid
(or Reid
Although/Though Reid failed to score himself, he helped Jones score two goals,
• failed to score himself, but he helped Jones score two goals.)
failed to score himself, but he helped Jones score two goals.)
still
(or She was
She bought a car, although/though she was still too young to learn to drive,
• * She bought a car, although/though she was still too young to learn to drive. (or She was still
too young to learn to drive, but she bought a car.)
too young to learn to drive, but she bought a car.)
usually use either although or though, but though is often less formal. Though, but not
We can
We can usually use either although or though, but though is often less formal. Though, but not
can also be used as an adverb to say that the information in a clause contrasts with
although, can also be used as an adverb to say that the information in a clause contrasts with
although,
(see also Unit 103):
information in a previous sentence
information in a previous sentence (see also Unit 103):
I eat most dairy products. I'm not keen on yoghurt, though, (not ...although.)
• * I eat most dairy products. I'm not keen on yoghurt, though. (not ...although.)
smells awful!' 'It tastes good, though, doesn't it?' (not ...although...)
• ¢ 'That cheese
'That cheese smells awful!’ 'It tastes good, though, doesn't it?’ (not ...although...)
can give special emphasis to an adjective or adverb by putting it before though or as,
We
We can give special emphasis to an adjective or adverb by putting it before though or as,
by a linking verb such as be, appear, become, look, seem, sound,
especially when followed by a linking verb such as be, appear, become, look, seem, sound,
especially when followed
Notice that in this pattern you can't use although. Compare:
prove, etc. Notice that in this pattern you can't use although. Compare:
prove, etc.
Although/Though the night air was hot, they slept soundly, and
• ¢ Although/Though the night air was hot, they slept soundly. and
air was, they slept soundly,
(not Hot although the night air...)
Hot though
(or as)
the night
• ¢ Hot though (or as) the night air was, they slept soundly. (not Hot although the night air...)
Although/Though it may
seem extraordinary, London had less rain than Rome,
and
• ¢ Although/Though it may seem extraordinary, London had less rain than Rome. and
(not
it may seem, London had less rain than Rome,
Extraordinary though
(or as)
• ¢ Extraordinary though (or as) it may seem, London had less rain than Rome. (not
seem...)
Extraordinary although it may seem...)
Extraordinary although it may
Much as as is used in a similar way before a clause, particularly to talk about how we feel about
Much is used in a similar way before a clause, particularly to talk about how we feel about
or
something:
someone
someone or something:
(= Although I enjoyed...)
Much as I enjoyed the holiday, I was glad to be home.
• ¢ Much as I enjoyed the holiday, I was glad to be home. (= Although I enjoyed...)
B Even though and even if if
Even though and even
though
also
Unit
use
even
to mean
'despite the
fact that'
(see
(but not 'even
although')
We can use even though (but not 'even although’) to mean ‘despite the fact that’ (see also Unit
We can
even if to
and
'whether or not'.
mean
Compare:
103) and even if to mean 'whether or not'. Compare:
103)

= Despite the fact that he The speaker knows that
Even though Tom doesn't
i.e.
• ¢ Even though Tom doesn't | = Despite the fact that he i.e. The speaker knows that
Spanish
doesn't
speak
speak
Spanish
speak Spanish, I think he doesn't speak Spanish Tom doesn't speak Spanish
speak Spanish, I think he
Tom
doesn't
visit Madrid.
still
should still visit Madrid.
should

speaker doesn't
The
speaks
Even if Tom doesn't
• ¢ Even if Tom doesn't = Whether or not he speaks i.e. The speaker doesn't
= Whether or not he
i.e.
definitely
whether
speak Spanish, I think he Spanish know definitely whether
know
speak Spanish, I think he
Spanish
should still visit Madrid. Tom speaks Spanish or not
or
speaks
still visit Madrid.
Spanish
not
Tom
should

In spite of and despite full of water, the boat sailed on. (= Although we played with ten men...)
In spite of and despite
oNotice that despite is often used instead of in spite of, particularly in written English: use you
similar
'although':
use in spite of +
meaning to
-ing with
a
We can
We can use in spite of + -ing with a similar meaning to ‘although’:
In spite of playing with ten men, we won easily.
• ¢ In spite of playing with ten men, we won easily. (= Although we played with ten men...)
(= Although the boat was full...)
In spite of being
• ¢ In spite of being full of water, the boat sailed on. (= Although the boat was full...)
spite of can
by a noun:
also
be
followed
In spite of can also be followed by a noun:
In
(= Although they were poor...)
In spite of their poverty, the children seemed happy.
• ¢ In spite of their poverty, the children seemed happy. (= Although they were poor...)
that
spite
used instead
English:
in written
of in
often
particularly
despite
is
of,
@ Notice
Despite falling / In spite of falling midway through the race, she won.
•
• * Despite falling / In spite of falling midway through the race, she won.
spite of are never followed
by a clause with a finite verb.
for example,
So,
Despite and in in spite of are never followed by a clause with a finite verb. So, for example, you
Despite and
'Despite / In
you can
of she
spite
say
However,
fell midway through the race...'.
a
can't
can't say 'Despite / In spite of she fell midway through the race...'. However, you can use a
fact that:
verb
after the
a
finite
clause with
clause with a finite verb after the fact that:
fell midway through the race,
she won.
Despite / In spite of the fact that she
• ¢ Despite / In spite of the fact that she fell midway through the race, she won.
Even though and even so => Illllllliki
Even though and even so => FIST