Page 203 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

P u r p o s e s a n d r e s u l t s : i n o r d e r t o , s o a s to, e t c .
t o ,
etc.
results:
Purposes
orderto,
in
and
so
as
In order / so as + to-infinitive
In order /so as + to-infinitive
+ to-infinitive:
use
in
of something we can
as
order / so
PURPOSE
To talk about the
To talk about the PURPOSE of something we can use in order / so as + to-infinitive:
He took the course in order to get a better job.
• ¢ He took the course in order to get a better job.
Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to reduce traffic noise.
• ¢ Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to reduce traffic noise.
in particular it is much more common simply to use a to-infinitive without 'in
In spoken English
In spoken English in particular it is much more common simply to use a to-infinitive without 'in
or 'so as' to express the same meaning:
order'
order' or 'so as' to express the same meaning:
He took the course to get a better job.
• ¢ He took the course to get a better job.
a negative sentence with in order / so as + to-infinitive, we put not before the to-infinitive:
To make a negative sentence with in order / so as + to-infinitive, we put not before the to-infinitive:
To make
side or the other.
• ¢ He kept the speech vague in order not to commit himself to one
He kept the speech vague in order not to commit himself to one side or the other.
• ¢ The land was bought quickly so not to delay the building work.
The land was bought quickly so as as not to delay the building work.
use a negative if you use only a to-infinitive:
gyn can't
You can't use a negative if you use only a to-infinitive:
• * I carried the knife carefully order / so as not to cut myself, (not ...carefully not to cut...)
I carried the knife carefully in in order / so as not to cut myself. (not ...carefully not to cut...)
negative sentences with in order / so as / to-infinitive + but:
However, compare
However, compare negative sentences with in order / so as / to-infinitive + but:
I came to see you not (in order / so as) to complain, but (in order /so as) to apologise.
• ¢ Icame to see you not (in order / so as) to complain, but (in order /so as) to apologise.
In order that and so that
In order that and so that
also use in order that and so that to talk about PURPOSE. Compare:
We also use in order that and so that to talk about PURPOSE. Compare:
We
stayed at work late in order / so as to complete the report, and
She stayed at work late in order / so as to complete the report. and
• ¢ She
in order that / so that she could complete the report.
• ¢ She stayed at work late in order that / so that she could complete the report.
She stayed at work late
order that, and is used in less formal situations.
So that is more common than in in order that, and is used in less formal situations.
So that is more common than
examples. Notice in particular the verbs and tenses:
Study these
Study these examples. Notice in particular the verbs and tenses:
Advice is given in order that / so that students can choose the best courses.
• « Advice is given in order that / so that students can choose the best courses.
• ¢ Did you give up your job order that / so that you could take care of your mother?
Did you give up your job in in order that / so that you could take care of your mother?
bid the present in order that / so that the children wouldn't find it.
She bid the present in order that / so that the children wouldn't find it.
• ¢ She
For
For
examples with for or to-infinitive used to talk about PURPOSE:
Study these
Study these examples with for or to-infinitive used to talk about PURPOSE:

I'm saving for a new car.
Q to talk about the purpose of an action: • I'm saving for a new car.
to talk about the purpose of an action:
I'm saving to buy a new car.
I ®| for + noun or to-infinitive • I'm saving to buy a new car.
for + noun or to-infinitive

of a
thing,
This is good for getting rid of headaches.
purpose
to talk about the
to talk about the purpose of a thing, • This is good for getting rid of headaches.
define it: for + -ing A mouse is a device used for moving the
or to to define it: for + -ing • A mouse is a device used for moving the
or
screen.
cursor around a computer screen.
cursor around a computer

person
use
makes
about the
a
to talk
She used a heavy book to keep the door open.
to talk about the use a person makes • « She used a heavy book to keep the door open.
to-infinitive
of something:
of something: to-infinitive RESULT. In speech, 'that' is often left out:
We can sometimes use so...as + to-infinitive instead of so...that: So ... that at the beginning of a

So...that
So...that
use
CAUSE with a
link a
so...that to
We use so...that to link a CAUSE with a RESULT. In speech, 'that' is often left out:
We
(that) I was almost two hours late.
The train was so slow
• ¢ The train was so slow (that) I was almost two hours late.
I never got a good look at his face.
(that)
It all happened so quickly
• ¢ It all happened so quickly (that) I never got a good look at his face.
special emphasis, particularly in
formal English, we can put
For
For special emphasis, particularly in formal English, we can put So ... that at the beginning ofa
object
120):
also Unit
(see
before the
sentence and put the verb before the object (see also Unit 120):
sentence and put the verb
So slow was the train that I was almost two hours late.
• ¢ So slow was the train that I was almost two hours late.
So quickly did it all happen that I never got a good look at his face.
• ¢ So quickly did it all happen that I never got a good look at his face.
use so...as + to-infinitive instead
of so...that:
We can sometimes
(=
It was so unusual as to
seem almost a joke.
...so unusual that it seemed almost...)
• ¢ It was so unusual as to seem almost a joke. (= ...so unusual that it seemed almost...)
Inversion =
Inversion