Page 27 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

pasi
паа
регтест (i
anu
аопе;
rasi permect (1 nad gone) ana past Siiiple
Past
did)
(I (I did)
before another
We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place
We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before another
past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past:
past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past:

she
had lied to her.
discovered that Leslie
Jo
As Mary shook Mr Morgan's hand, she
• * Jo discovered that Leslie had lied to her. e@ As Mary shook Mr Morgan's hand,
had
seen
before.
him
-<—past realised she had seen him before.
she
~<a— past
realised
-I 1
4
|
1 - ~ ~— . past
Leslie
4
4
Leslie Jo now 4- 4- ‘P ast
Jo
lied discovered
Mary
saw
Mary
lied discovered Mary saw Mary now
Mr Morgan realised
realised
Mr Morgan

We use the past simple rather than the past perfect when we simply talk about a single activity or
We use the past simple rather than the past perfect when we simply talk about a single activity or
«event in the past:
a in the past:
I handed the letter to him. Sorry we're late, we took the wrong turning.
• . • ¢ Thanded the letter to him. • * Sorry we're late, we took the wrong turning.
Notice the difference in meaning of these sentences with the past perfect and past simple:
Notice the difference in meaning of these sentences with the past perfect and past simple:
(= they left after he stopped laughing)
• * When he stopped laughing, everyone left.
When he stopped laughing, everyone left. (= they left after he stopped laughing)
he stopped laughing, everyone had left. (= they left before he stopped laughing)
• ¢ When
When he stopped laughing, everyone had left. (= they left before he stopped laughing)
I got up when the phone rang. (= the phone rang and then I got up)
• * J got up when the phone rang. (= the phone rang and then I got up)
(= I went to bed and then the phone rang)
• * I had gone to bed when the phone rang. (= I went to bed and then the phone rang)
Thad gone to bed when the phone rang.
give an account of a sequence
Study the use
When we give an account of a sequence Study the use of of
When we
we usually put these the past perfect Jose was a wealthy Cuban
Don
of past events, we usually put these the past perfect Don José was a wealthy Cuban
of past events,
events in chronological order with the and past simple landowner who emigrated to Mexico in
landowner who emigrated to Mexico in
and past simple
events in chronological order with the
had
The
agricultural
reforms
thi
. in this text: . 1959. The agricultural reforms had
1959.
in
past simple. If we want to refer to an in this text: begun a few months earlier. He moved
begun a few months earlier. He moved
past simple. If we want to refer to an
event out of order - that is, it happened again in in 1965 and made his home in the
1965 and made his home in the
event out of order - that is, it happened
again
fortune
had
his
last event we
have talked
before the
before the last event we have talked United States. He cane, made he brought
United States. He had made his fortune
sugar
growing
and
use the present perfect. in in growing sugar cane, and he brought
about - we
his expertise to his new home.
about - we use the present perfect. his expertise to his new home.

began
reforms
of events
made fortune
Order of events 1 1 made fortune 2 2 reforms began
Order
emigrated to Mexico moved to US
3 3 emigrated to Mexico 4 4 movedto US
of order)
had begun

{out
of account
to
Mexico
Order of account 1 1 emigrated to Mexico 2 2 reforms had begun (out of order)
Order
reforms
emigrated
(out of order)
US
had
3 3 moved to US'7 4 4 had made fortune (out of order)
made fortune
movedto

(etc.) to do, but didn't:
We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped
We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped (etc.) to do, but didn't:
had wanted to visit the gallery before I left Florence, but it's closed on Sundays.
• ¢ I Thad wanted to visit the gallery before I left Florence, but it's closed on Sundays.
had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few more years.
• ¢ Bill had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few more years.
Bill
Other verbs used like this include expect (to), mean (to), think (about + -ing). for the event that
Other verbs used like this include expect (to), mean (to), think (about + -ing).
g Past perfect continuous and pest perfect=> reading, he Adverbials of time light. cinema. past simple:
after, as soon as, before, by the time (that), when) to say that
When we use a time expression (e.g.
When we use a time expression (e.g. after, as soon as, before, by the time (that), when) to say that
one event happened after another, we use either the past simple or past perfect for the event that
one event happened after another, we use either the past simple or past perfect
happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second:
happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second:
(had)
finished
put out the
After Ivan
• ¢
After Ivan (had) finished reading, he put out the light.
she
her teeth,
Carol
brushed
went to
bed.
(had)
When Carol (had) brushed her teeth, she went to bed.
When
• *
for both:
But to emphasise that the second event is the result of the first, we prefer the past simple
But to emphasise that the second event is the result of the first, we prefer the past simple for both:
She became famous after she appeared on the TV programme.
• ¢
She became famous after she appeared on the TV programme.
all the children stood up.
When the teacher came in, all the children stood up.
• *
When the teacher came in,
(=
already and just
a
very short time before) we
use the past perfect, not the
With
With already and just (= a very short time before) we use the past perfect, not the past simple:
time we got to
the
The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
The film had already begun by the
• *
telephone
rang.
office when the
had just stepped
into her
She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang.
• ¢
She
Past continuous and past simple =
Present perfect and past simple
simple
Past continuous
and
past
Present perfect and past simple = =
FRET
=>
Past perfect continuous and past perfect = FIGET] = Adverbials oftme=>