Page 39 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

inTinmve (i am ю aoj, тишге
регтеих
be 10
be 10 + + Intinitive (lam toad), Tuture periect
have done), and future perfect
(I will have done), and future perfect
(I will
(I will have been doing)
continuous (I will have been doing)
continuous
Be to + infinitive
Bett nine
infinitive is used to talk about formal or official arrangements, formal instructions, and to
Be to + + infinitive is used to talk about formal or official arrangements, formal instructions, and to
Be to
It is particularly common in news reports to talk about future events.
give orders. It is particularly common in news reports to talk about future events.
give orders.
Children are are not to
Children are
You
not to be left You are not to
not to be left the school
leave the school
unsupervised leave
without my
unsupervised
without my
in the permission.
inthe
museum. permission.
museum.
The medicine
is to be taken
after meals.

only use be to + infinitive to talk about things that can be controlled by people:
We only use be to + infinitive to talk about things that can be controlled by people:
We
We don't know where the meteorite is going to land, (not ...the meteorite is to land.)
• * We don't know where the meteorite is going toland. (not ...the meteorite is to land.)
I suppose we will all die eventually, (not ...we are all to die...)
• * TI suppose we will all dieeventually. (not ...we are all to die...)
| D We often use be to + infinitive in //-clauses to say that something must take place first (in the main
We often use be to + infinitive in //-clauses to say that something must take place first (in the main
before something else can take place (in the //-clause):
clause) before something else can take place (in the //-clause):
clause)
//humans are to survive as a species, we must address environmental issues now.
• + Ifhumans are to survive as a species, we must address environmental issues now.
law needs to be revised //justice is to be done, (passive form)
The law needs to be revised //justice is to bedone. (passive form)
• * The
the use of be to + infinitive and the present simple for the future in //-clauses:
Compare the use of be to + infinitive and the present simple for the future in //-clauses:
Compare
Jones needs to improve his technique //he is to win gold at the next Olympics, and
2 • * Jones needs to improve his technique //he is to win gold at the nextOlympics. and
Jones has said that he will retire from athletics //he wins gold at the next Olympics.
• * Jones has said that he will retire from athletics //he wins gold at the next Olympics.
Future perfect
Future perfect
use the future perfect to say that something will be ended, completed, or achieved by a
We use the future perfect to say that something will be ended, completed, or achieved by a
We
in the future (see also Unit 18B):
particular point
particular point in the future (see also Unit 18B):
Let's hope the volcanic eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.
a @® • ° Let's hope the volcanic eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.
are now angry about what he did, I'm sure that his behaviour will soon
• 7 • * Although people
Although people are now angry about what he did, I'm sure that his behaviour will soon
have been forgotten. (= passive form)
have been forgotten. (= passive form)
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
• * By the time you get home 1 will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
use other modal verbs instead of will to talk about the future in a less certain
Notice that we can
Notice that we can use other modal verbs instead of will to talk about the future in a less certain
way:
way:
the time you get home I will/may/should have cleaned the house...
• * By the time you get home I will/may/should have cleaned the house... been going on by
By
a particular point in the future: and the period of time until this point ('...for a year',
Future perfect continuous
Future perfect continuous
to emphasise how long something has
future perfect continuous
use the
We can use the future perfect continuous to emphasise how long something has been going on by
We can
a particular point in the future:
On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year.
• *
On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year.
Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.
Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.
• *
sentences with the future perfect continuous we usually mention both the particular point in
In
In sentences with the future perfect continuous we usually mention both the particular point in
'Next year...')
the future (‘On Saturday...',

the future ('On Saturday...', "Next year...') and the period of time until this point (‘...fora year’,
future
verbs
perfect continuous with
'...for 20 years'). Notice that we don't usually use the future perfect continuous with verbs
‘,..for 20 years'). Notice that we don't usually use the
(see Unit 2):
describing states (see Unit 2):
describing states
(not ...will have been knowing...)
Next month I will have known Derek for 20years.
Next month I will have known Derek for 20 years, (not ...will have been knowing...)
• *