Page 45 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

a i m
w i n i i i y i i u b b ,
a i m
w u u i u :
I I K U I I I I U U U
WHE
w i n aANQ WOUTU. WIHINIQHESs5, IKEMMQOU dllu
c e r t a i n t y
certainty
use will (or '11) when we talk about WILLINGNESS to do something (e.g. in offers, invitations,
We use will (or 'll) when we talk about WILLINGNESS to do something (e.g. in offers, invitations,
We
and orders) and will not (or won't) when we talk about UNWILLINGNESS to do
requests, and orders) and will not (or won't) when we talk about UNWILLINGNESS to do
requests,
(e.g. reluctance, refusal):
something (e.g. reluctance, refusal):
something
give you another opportunity to get the correct answer.
• ¢ I'll give you another opportunity to get the correct answer.
T'll
Sue won't give me back my pencil case.
• * Mum! Sue won't give me back my pencil case.
Mum!
that we can also talk about the refusal of a thing to work in the way it should:
Notice that we can also talk about the refusal of a thing to work in the way it should:
Notice
The top won't come off. The key won't fit the lock.
• * The top won't come off. • * The key won't fit the lock.
talk about general or repeated willingness in the past we can sometimes use would, but we
To talk about general or repeated willingness in the past we can sometimes use would, but we
To
use would in this way to talk about a particular occasion in the past. Compare:
can't
can't use would in this way to talk about a particular occasion in the past. Compare:
Whenever I had to go to town, Ron would give me a lift. (= repeated)
• « Whenever I had to go to town, Ron would give me a lift. (= repeated)
lift to town, (not ...Ron would give me...) (= particular occasion)
• * I was late, so Ron gave me a
I was late, so Ron gave me a lift totown. (not ...Ron would give me...) (= particular occasion)
we can use would not either when we talk about unwillingness in general or about a
However, we can use would not either when we talk about unwillingness in general or about a
However,
particular occasion. Compare:
particular occasion. Compare:
We thought that people wouldn't / would buy the book. (= general)
• * We thought that people wouldn't / would buy the book. (= general)
wouldn't say what was wrong when I asked, (not ...would say...) (= particular occasion)
She
• * She wouldn't say what was wrong when Iasked. (not ...would say...) (= particular occasion)
use will (or won't) to indicate that we think a present or future situation is CERTAIN:
We use will (or won't) to indicate that we think a present or future situation is CERTAIN:
We
Sheila are engaged. (= you already know)
• * You will know that John and Sheila are engaged. (= you already know)
You will know that John and
'Shall I ask Sandra?' 'No, don't disturb her - she'll be working.'
• ¢ ‘Shall I ask Sandra?’ 'No, don't disturb her - she'll be working.’
won't see them again before Christmas.
We
• * We won't see them again before Christmas.
we want to indicate that we think a past situation (seen from either a present or future
^ QWhen we want to indicate that we think a past situation (seen from either a present or future
•viewpoint) is certain, we use will (or won't) have + past participle (see also Unit 15C):
®yiewpoint)is certain, we use will (or won't) have + past participle (see also Unit 15C):

past seen from a present viewpoint
The
The past seen from a present viewpoint

As you will have noticed, he has cut off They will have reached home by now.
As you will have noticed, he has cut off
They will have reached home by now.
beard.
his beard.
his
noticed... past .they reached home... past
... you
...you noticed... past ...they reached home... past
—_— —_—
x

mere mye x x
now now
now
now

past seen from a future viewpoint
The
The past seen from a future viewpoint

Next Thursday, I will have owned my When the trees are all cut down, something
Next Thursday, I will have owned my
When the trees are all cut down, something
car for exactly 20 years. of great value will have been lost.
present ...owned for 20 years... of great value will have been lost. x
present car for exactly 20 years.
years...
for
20
...something...lost...
future
future

I @ Will: • ¢ now => ^ Д Д indicate that next see Thursday would have conditionals proud of you today. cut down
..owned
future
...something...lost...
future
aaa
_
_
—_
x
x
x
x
sree esttinorimarernseerneeennnennneetettnnsetisstsenerenenyg.seenaneenty
a x

now
all
trees
trees all cut down
now
now
next Thursday

unreal past
imaginary
situation
situation
think
an
- that
an
is,
to
want
we
we
When we want to indicate that we think an unreal past situation - that is, an imaginary situation
When
(see
but didn't
99)
- is certain we
a
also Unit
situation that might have happened
in the past,
or
or a situation that might have happened in the past, but didn't (see also Unit 99) - is certain we
use would have + past participle:
use would have + past participle:
to
him,
but I didn't have time.
have been happy
I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time.
I would
had
father
alive,
been
he
felt
very
still
• -
Ifyour
If your father had still been alive, he would have felt very proud of you today.
My grandmother wouldn't have approved of the exhibition.
• « My grandmother wouldn't have approved of the exhibition.
=> ДЦ]
^
habits
Would
Will:
future
=> ШДП
have in in condiionals => MET]
Will: future => GER Will: habits => [ERE
=Would have