Page 71 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

t o - i n f i n i t i v e :
V e r b + + - i n g o r to-infinitive: p a s s i v e f o r m s
or
-ing
Verb
passive
forms
Active patterns with verb + -ing
Active patterns with verb + -ing

active pattern: Verb + -ing + object passive
passive
active pattern: Verb + -ing + object
I enjoyed taking the children to the zoo. The children enjoyed being taken to the zoo.
• I enjoyed taking the children to the zoo.
i” m e The children enjoyed being taken to the zoo.

Other verbs in this pattern include avoid, consider, delay, deny, describe, imagine, remember,
Other verbs in this pattern include avoid, consider, delay, deny, describe, imagine, remember,
(Notice that the verbs in this group do not have corresponding meanings in active and
resent. (Notice that the verbs in this group do not have corresponding meanings in active and
resent.
sentences. See also В below.)
passive sentences. See also B below.)
passive

active pattern: Verb + object + -ing passive
passive
active pattern: Verb + object + -ing

fence.
the
seen climbing over the fence.
He was
over
saw
They
climbing
him
• * They saw him climbing over the fence. • * He was seen climbing over the fence.

Other verbs in this pattern include bring, catch, hear, find, keep, notice, send, show. Passives with
Other verbs in this pattern include bring, catch, hear, find, keep, notice, send, show. Passives with
and the verbs in the group above are only possible when the subject and object of the
these verbs
these verbs and the verbs in the group above are only possible when the subject and object of the
and the subject of the passive are people.
active and the subject of the passive are people.
active
verbs followed by an object+ -ing in the active have no passive:
Some verbs followed by an object+ -ing in the active have no passive:
Some
see me. (but not You were appreciated...)
• * I appreciated you coming to see me. (but not You were appreciated...)
J appreciated you coming to
I Other verbs like this include anticipate, dislike, dread, forget, hate, imagine, like, (not) mind,
? Other verbs like this include anticipate, dislike, dread, forget, hate, imagine, like, (not) mind,
• ' «recall, remember.
«recall, remember.
patterns with
verb + to-infinitive
D Active patterns with verb + to-infinitive
Active

active pattern: Verb + to infinitive + object passive
passive
active pattern: Verb + to infinitive + object

His colleagues started to respect Tim. Tim started to be respected (by his colleagues).
• : His colleagues started to respect Tim. • e Tim started fo be respected (by his colleagues)

verbs in this pattern include appear, begin, come, continue, seem, tend; also agree, aim,
Other verbs in this pattern include appear, begin, come, continue, seem, tend; also agree, aim,
Other
attempt, hope, refuse, struggle, try. The verbs in the first group (and start) have corresponding
attempt, hope, refuse, struggle, try. The verbs in the first group (and start) have corresponding
Compare:
meanings in active and passive sentences, but the verbs in the second group do not.
meanings in active and passive sentences, but the verbs in the second group do not. Compare:
recognise her as the leading violinist of her generation, (active) corresponds
• * People came to
People came to recognise her as the leading violinist of hergeneration. (active) corresponds
be recognised as the leading violinist of her generation, (passive)
She came
to to • * She came to to be recognised as the leading violinist of her generation. (passive)
(active) does not correspond to hoped to
• * The team captain hoped select Kevin, (active) does not correspond to • * Kevin hoped to
Kevin
The team captain hoped to to select Kevin.
selected by the team captain, (passive)
be
be selected by the team captain. (passive)

Verb + object + to infinitive passive
active pattern:
active pattern: Verb + object + to infinitive passive

Mr taught Peter to sing. was taught to sing (by Mr Price).
• * Mr Price • * Peter was taught fo sing (by Mr Price).
Price taught Peter fo sing.
Peter

a Some verbs followed by an object + to-infinitive in the active have no passive:

Other verbs in this pattern include advise, allow, ask, believe, consider, expect, feel, instruct,
Other verbs in this pattern include advise, allow, ask, believe, consider, expect, feel, instruct,
mean, order, report, require, tell, understand.
mean, order, report, require, tell, understand.
it is possible to make both verbs passive:
Notice that in some contexts
Notice that in some contexts it is possible to make both verbs passive:
proposed.
to
expected
be
are
taxation
the
to
system
• *
Changes to the taxation system are expected to be proposed.
Changes
She was required to be interviewed.
• e
She was required to be interviewed.
gSome verbs followed by an object + to-infinitive in the active have no passive:
•
liked to
•
be there.)
liked Tom to be there,
(but not Tom was
Susan liked Tom to bethere. (but not Tom was liked to be there.)
Susan
Other verbs like this include (can't) bear, hate, love, need, prefer, want, wish.
Other verbs like this include (can't) bear, hate, love, need, prefer, want, wish.
Verb + ing =
=>
ng
+
Verb EINES
Verb + to-infinitive
Verb + to-infinitive = => [PRRSES ARTS