Page 75 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

F o r m i n g q u e s t i o n s ; r e p o r t i n g q u e s t i o n s
reporting
Forming
questions
questions;
Forming questions
Forming
questions
Some questions begin withwith a a wh-word.wh-word. We cancan callcall these wh-questions:
We
wh-questions:
these
begin
Some
questions
• ¢ What are you doing tomorrow? • * Where have you been?
you
been?
What
you
are
have
tomorrow?
Where
doing
Some questionsquestions can be answered with 'yes' or 'no'. We cancan call these yes/no questions.
questions.
answered
call
these
with
can
Some
'‘yes'
be
or 'no'. We
yes/no
• ¢ Have you had to come far? • Did she leave any message?
«
Did
you
any
come
to
leave
message?
Have
far?
had
she
QU there is verb (be, do, have, can, will, etc.) we put it in front of the subject:
glfthere is anan auxiliaryauxiliary verb (be, do, have, can, will, etc.) we put it in front of the subject:
are you telling me this now?
Why
Have you ever visited
• + • Have youever visited California? • Whyare youtelling me this now?
+
*
California?
If there is more than one auxiliary verb, we putput only the first auxiliaryauxiliary in front of the subject:
one
the
If
only
is
subject:
more
auxiliary
verb,
the
there
than
in
front
we
of
first
• * WillWill theythey be arrested if theythey refuse to leave? (not Will be arrested...?)
leave?
arrested...?)
(not
arrested
be
if
Will
be theythey
to
refuse
We can make questions in a way when be main verb:
We can make questions in a similarsimilar way when be isis aa main verb:
she lived in France? • When is he likely to arrive?
Was she happy whenwhen
• Was she happy she lived in France? * When is he likely to arrive?
*
we
verb,
yes/no
questions
usually
ask
we
as
with
the
use
main
Have...got...?
or
have
When we ask yes/no questions with have as the main verb, we usually use Have...got...? or
When
Questions such as 'Have you a pen?' are rather formal (see also Unit 27):
Do...have...? Questions such as 'Have you a pen?’ are rather formal (see also Unit 27):
Do...have...2
have... / Have you got a reservation? (rather than Have you a...?)
Do you
• * Do you have... / Have you got a reservation? (rather than Have you a...?)
If there is no otherother auxiliary verb, we make a a question by putting do oror does (present simple), oror
simple),
does
(present
by
auxiliary
make
putting
there
is
If
question
verb,
do
we
no
did (past simple) in front of the subject. A bare infinitive comescomes after the subject:
the
did
of
after
infinitive
in
simple)
bare
the
subject. A
front
(past
subject:
• * Does anyone know where I I left my diary? • * When did you last see Mary?
When
left
my
diary?
know
where
anyone
last
you
Does
did
Mary?
see
If we use what, which, who or whose as the subject, we don't use do:
who
or
whose
don't
If
we
we
what,
use
which,
as
subject,
the
do:
use
• What happenedhappened to youryour car? (not What did happen...?)
What
happen...?)
car?
did
*
(not
to
What
Compare:
Compare:
• Who (= subject) did you speak to at the party? andand • Who (= object) spoke to you?
party?
to
Who
(=
spoke
you?
object)
(=
subject)
*
Who
toatthe
youspeak
did
*
Notice thatthat we cancan sometimes use do when what, which, who oror whose is subjectsubject if we want to
who
want
whose
what,
when
we
if
sometimes
do
we
Notice
to
is
which,
use
encourage the speaker to give anan answer. Do is stressed inin spokenspoken English:
Do
give
speaker
to
answer.
is
English:
the
encourage
stressed
• Come on, be honest - who did tell you?
be
on,
honest
you?
Come
-
*
who
tell
did
we questions using that-c\ause:
Study howhow we askask questions about what people thinkthink oror saysay using aa that-clause:
Study
what
about
people
(that) he will arrive? • What do you suggest (that) I should do next?
*
• When do you (that) he will arrive? * What do you suggest (that) I should do next?
When do you thinkthink
We can ask questions like this with advise, propose, recommend, say, suggest, suppose, think.
propose,
suppose,
think.
say,
recommend,
suggest,
can
advise,
like
questions
ask
with
We
this
When the wh-word is the subject of the second clause we don't include that:
When the w^-word is the subject of the second clause we don't include that:
did you say was coming to see me this morning? (not ...say that was coming...?)
Who
• * Who did you say was coming to see me this morning? (not ...say that wascoming...?)
Reporting questions
Reporting questions
When we report a a wh-question we use a a reportingreporting clause (see Unit 43) followed byby aa clause
clause
wh-question
(see
followed
When
clause
43)
report
Unit
we
we
use
beginning with a м/^-word. When we report a yes/no question we use a reporting clause
beginning with a wh-word. When we report a yes/no question we use a reporting clause
either
clause
with
beginning
by
whether:
if or
a
followed
followed by a clause beginning with either if or whether: or whether-clause: I'd seen Tony.
•However, if the original question begins what, which, or who followed by be + complement, we
asked me what the problem was.
if/whether
She
• «+
• *
Liz wanted to know
Liz wanted to know if/whether I'd seen Tony.
She asked me what the problem was.
in the
the
usually put the
verb
subject
wh-,
if-,
before
We
We usually put the subject before the verb in the wh-, if-, or whether-clause:
She wanted to know if I had seen Paul recently.
-• She wanted to knowifI had seen Paul recently.
а q
'Have you seen Paul recently?' —
• °
‘Have you seen Paul recently?’
who
by
what,
or
the
original
begins
we
be
question
+
if
which,
followed
complement,
* However,
or after be in the report:
can put the complement before
can put the complement before or after be in the report:
—>
winner was.
was the winner.
)
(or ...who
the
• ¢
'Who was the winner?' —~
"Who was the winner?’
I asked who
I asked who the winner was. (or ...who was the winner. )
or wh ether-clause:
Notice that we don't use a form of do in the wh-, if-,
Notice that we don't use
a form of do in the wh-, if-, or whether-clause:
(not ...where did I find it./...where I did find it.)
• *
She asked me where I (had) found it. it. (not ...where did I findit./...where I did find it.)
She asked me where I (had) found
negative
use
are reporting
of do:
if we
form
a
negative
question,
can
a
we
However, if we are reporting a negative question, we can use a negative form of do:
However,
didn't want anything to eat.
why I
(me)
He asked (me) why I didn't want anything to eat.
• *
He asked
Wh-questions =
Negative questions =
Negaive quesions => INREZJ — Wh-quesions:=>
Verb +wh-clauses
Verb + wh-clauses = =>
If and whether =>
Reporting
Ifand whether =>
Reporting = ==>