Page 121 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Prospective ecofuel feedstocks for sustainable production 93

Table 4.2 Oil content in various biodiesel feedstocks

Feedstock Oil content (wt%) Feedstock Oil content (wt%)
Rapeseed 38–46 Corn 48.0
Soybean 15–20 Cottonseed 18–25
Peanut 45–55 Passion fruit 18.5–28.3
Palm 30–60 Moringa 40
Sunflower 25–35 Desert date 46.7
Jatropha 50–60 Castanhola 49
Pongamia 27–39 Rubber 17
Neem 40–50 Radish 40–54
Mahua 35–42 Cardoon 24
Jojoba 45–50 Safflower 35–45
Rice bran 15–23 Polanga 75
Sesame 44–58 Tobacco 30–43
Coconut 63–65 Cottonseed 18–25
From Karmakar A, Karmakar S, Mukherjee S. Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel
production. Bioresour Technol 2010;101(19):7201–10; Moser BR. Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks.
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2009;45(3):229–66; Iha OK, Alves FC, Suarez PA, Silva CR, Meneghetti MR, Meneghetti
SM. Potential application of Terminalia catappa L. and Carapa guianensis oils for biofuel production: physical-
chemical properties of neat vegetable oils, their methyl-esters and bio-oils (hydrocarbons). Ind Crop Prod 2014;52:95–8;
Ong HC, Mahlia TM, Masjuki HH, Norhasyima RS. Comparison of palm oil, Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum
inophyllum for biodiesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15(8):3501–15; Sengo I, Gominho J, d’Orey L, Martins
M, d’Almeida-Duarte E, Pereira H, et al. Response surface modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from
Cynara cardunculus oil. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2010;112(3):310–20.

of soybeans. The oil content in the soybean seed is around 15–20wt% [12]. The fatty
acid profile of soybean oil shows the presence of myristic acid (<0.5wt%), palmitic
acid (7–11wt%), arachidic acid (<1wt%), stearic acid (2–6wt%), oleic acid
(19–34wt%), linolenic acid (5–11wt%), and linoleic acid (43–56wt%) [12].According
to work carried out by Santos et al. [16], the optimal biodiesel yield of 100% has been
obtained for a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 and 0.2w/w of catalyst in a reaction time
of 30min via ultrasound-assisted transesterification. Some of the properties of soybean
2
oil methyl esters include a kinematic viscosity of 4.13mm /s, a pour point of 0°C, and a
cold filter pour point of 4°C [17].

Peanut oil (Arachis hypogaea)
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an annual crop native to Mexico, South America, and
Central America, but is grown worldwide [12]. A peanut crop has short-lived flowers
and is widely cultivated in a warm climate [18]. Rudolph Diesel first used peanut oil to
operate his compression ignition engine in the Paris exhibition of 1900 [19]. Peanut
oil is pale yellow and is obtained from processing the peanut kernel; it has a distinctive
nutty taste and odor. Peanut oil is a nondrying oil and it contains 4wt% arachidonic
acid, 62wt% oleic acid, 23wt% linoleic acid, 8wt% palmitic acid, and 5wt%
stearic acid. The other fatty acid constituents of peanut oil are behenic acid and
lignoceric acid, each of about 1.5wt% [20]. Approximately 1170L of biodiesel/ha
are produced from peanut oil while soybean oil produced only 475L. Because peanut