Page 184 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment
P. 184

148                              Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

         2.2kW slightly deviated from others due to high heating rate causes for carbon evap-
         oration and secondary cracking.
            The percentage of alkanes present in pyrolysis oil produced from both electrical as
         well as microwave pyrolysis was nearly same. However, the percentage of alkanes
         present in the oil that is produced from electrical pyrolysis was slightly higher than
         the alkanes present in the pyrolysis oil produced from microwave pyrolysis. The per-
         centage of alkanes present in pyrolysis oil that was produced from MAP at 2.2kW
         heating rate, and the percentage of alkanes in pyrolysis oil that was produced from
         electrical pyrolysis were nearly the same.
            The percentage of alkenes present in the pyrolysis oil that was produced from
         microwave pyrolysis at 1.1kW heating rate and the percentage of alkenes present
         in the pyrolysis oil that was produced from the electrical pyrolysis were the same.
         The low kinetic energy of the molecules and the high retention time enhances the sec-
         ondary cracking and leads to the production of alkenes.
            Alcohol and other species also formed, and this was higher in microwave pyrolysis
         at a 2.2kW heating rate compared to the microwave pyrolysis at 1.1kW as well as
         electrical pyrolysis. This was due to high temperatures and heating rates, and the
         energy required to form such other species was sufficient enough in microwave
         heating at 2.2kW heating rate.
            The similar percentages of C 6 –C 9 and C 10 –C 19 carbon chain lengths were observed
         in pyrolysis oil that was produced from both electrical pyrolysis and microwave pyrol-
         ysis at 1.1kW. There was an increase in the percentage of C 6 –C 9 chain length in the
         pyrolysis oil that was produced from microwave pyrolysis at 2.2kW heating rate.
         Moreover, there was a decrease in the percentage of C 10 –C 19 chain length in the pyrol-
         ysis oil that was produced from microwave pyrolysis at 2.2kW heating rate. The per-
         centage of other compounds observed in pyrolysis oil that was produced from both
         electrical pyrolysis as well as microwave pyrolysis at 1.1kW was nearly the same.
         There was an increase in the percentage of other components in the pyrolysis oil that
         was produced from microwave pyrolysis at 2.2kW heating rate compared with both
         electrical and microwave heating at 1.1kW.


         5.13    Analysis of FT-IR spectroscopy of different products

         Fig 5.12 shows that comparison of the FT-IR spectrum for different pyrolysis prod-
         ucts. FT-IR results showed that most of the hydrocarbons found in microwave pyrol-
         ysis oil (MPO) were alkanes and C]H bending alkenes. The results indicate that most
         hydrocarbons present in the waste engine oils (WEO) were alkanes C–H stretching it
                                                  1
         is shown in the frequency range of 2750–3000 cm . The compounds with inflection
         similar to C–H stretching in the frequency range of 675–850 cm  1  are cyclic single
         ring aromatics in the pyrolysis oil present only in modest amounts. Most of the hydro-
         carbons found in diesel were CdH stretching alkanes and minor quantities of single
         ring aromatics. Results revealed that the hydrocarbons found in the electrical pyrolysis
         oil (EPO) and microwave pyrolysis oil (MPO) were alkanes and minor amounts of
         alkenes. Chemical compounds present in the char produced by the electrical pyrolysis
   179   180   181   182   183   184   185   186   187   188   189