Page 31 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

8 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Table 1.3 List of the spaces used for 3G biofuel production in the literature

Oil content
per tonne of
biomass Lipid Lipid
Name of (w t % dry content (%, productivity
microorganisms mass) w/w dw ) (mg/L/day) References
1. Neochloris 35.00–65.00 29.00–65.00 90.00–134.00 [71, 72]
oleoabundans
2. Chlorella 63.20 5.00–58.00 11.20–40.00 [73]
vulgaris
3. Crypthecodium 56.00 20.00–51.10 – [74]
cohnii
4. Nannochloropsis 50.00 22.70–29.70 84.00–142.00 [75]
oculata
5. Monodus 39.30 16.00 30.40 [71]
subterraneus
6. Cylindrotheca sp. 16.00–37.00 [76]
7. Phaeodactylum 20.00–30.00 18.00–57.00 44.80 [74]
tricornutum
8. Tetraselmis 15.00–23.00 8.50–23.00 27.00–36.40 [74]
sueica
9. Chlorella 22.00 19.00–22.00 44.70 [71, 77]
sorokiana
10. Dunaliella salina 14.00–20.00 6.00–25.00 116.00 [67]
11. Porphyridium 19.30 9.00–18.80 34.80 [71]
cruentum

The microorganism or 3G biofuels are mainly produced from microalgae biomass,
which has some remarkable advantages such as self-productivity, fast growing,
require less water, and can grow in undeveloped land [33]. However, the key factor
in extracting biofuel is the lipid content. For instance, Scott and Davey [67] investi-
gated the Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, and
Chamydomonas reinhardtii species and found about 60%–70% lipid content in them.
Chen and Yeh [68] reported higher productivity of lipids in Chlorella vulgaris of
about 7.4g/L/day. This feedstock can also be used to produce bioethanol, jet fuel,
or aviation biogasoline [69]. In addition, some authors also studied other 2G feed-
stocks such as pongamia, sugarcane molasses, waste cooking oil, jatropha, camelina,
and tallow for aviation biofuel production [6, 70] (Table 1.3).

1.4 Significance of using ecofuel

There has been ongoing interest in both the road and aviation transport sectors in
developing new and alternative fuels for future energy security and a sustainable envi-
ronment. For instance, the aviation industries are struggling to find new and