Page 360 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Physicochemical fuel properties and tribological behavior of aegle marmelos correa biodiesel 315

M W N V Blank V Test Þ 100 10 3
ð
Iodine value ¼ (11.3)
W s
where M W , molecular weight of Na 2 S 2 O 3 , g/mol; V Blank , volume of Na 2 S 2 O 3 for
Blank sample, mL; V Test , volume of Na 2 S 2 O 3 for the Test sample, mL; N, normality
of Na 2 S 2 O 3 , mol/mL; W S , weight of sample, g.

11.2.7.4 Density
The density of diesel, oil, and biodiesel was determined as per the ASTM D1298 and
IS 1448: Part 32: 1992 standard at 15°C. The empty 60mL capacity vessel was
weighed, and then fuel was poured into the vessel up to the mark and weighed.
The fuels were maintained at 15°C by keeping them in the defreezer chamber. The
weight of the fuel samples was calculated by subtracting the empty vessel weights
from the filled one. The density of the fuel samples can be found using the following
equation.

°
Weight of fuel at 15 C
Density ¼ ° (11.4)
Volume of fuel at 15 C

11.2.7.5 Viscosity and calorific value

A Brookfield viscometer (DV2TLV) was used to measure the kinematic viscosity of
the fuel samples. The experiment was performed at 40°C as per the ASTM D445 stan-
dard. The calorific value of the fuel samples was determined as per the ASTM D240
standard. The process was performed in a bomb calorimeter with 1g of sample taken
in the crucible and electrically ignited to burn in the presence of pure oxygen. During
the combustion, the heat was released, and a rise in temperature was measured. The
dry benzoic acid was used as a test fuel to measure the effective heat capacity of water.
The calorific value of the sample was calculated using the following equation.

Calorific value ¼

° °
Water equivalent of calorimeter 2883 Cal= C Rise in temperature CðÞ
Mass of sample gðÞ
(11.5)

11.2.7.6 Cloud and pour point
As per the ASTM D2500 standard, the cloud and pour point of diesel, oil, and biodie-
sel samples were determined using Subzero equipment. This equipment consists of
four glass tubes that are 12cm in high and 3cm in diameter. These tubes are enclosed
by a copper vessel that is kept in a refrigerated chamber. The glass tube is filled with
50mL of fuel sample and closed with a rubber cork. Then, the filled glass tube is kept