Page 361 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

316 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

in a refrigerated chamber and at every 1°C temperature interval, the glass tube was
taken out from the copper vessel to check the cloud and pour point. The point at which
cloud was formed inside the fuel is called the cloud point temperature. After the iden-
tification of the cloud point, the examination was continued until the fuel sample
became motionless when tilting the glass tube to a horizontal position for 5s, which
is called the pour point temperature.

11.2.7.7 Flash and fire point
The Open Cup Cleveland apparatus was used to measure the flash and fire of diesel,
oil, and biodiesel as per the ASTM D93 standard method. The test cup was filled to a
specified level with the fuel sample. Then the test cup was electrically heated, and the
temperature rise was measured with a thermometer. The flame was introduced at the
surface of the fuel at every 1°C temperature rise, using a matchstick. The flash point
was recorded as the temperature at which the flash appeared at the fuel surface with the
help of an external ignition source. The fire point was noted as the temperature at
which fuel vapor catches fire when introducing the ignition source at the fuel surface
and continues the fire a minimum of five seconds after removal of the ignition source.

11.2.7.8 Conradson carbon residue
A carbon residue apparatus was used to find out the amount of carbon residue of diesel
oil and biodiesel fuels. According to the ASTM D4530 method, the measurement was
carried out. This method was used to find out the amount of carbon residue present
after pyrolysis of the fuel sample. It is envisioned to bring a few ideas of relative coke
forming properties. In this experiment, 5g of a moisture-free fuel sample were taken in
the iron crucible of the apparatus. The iron crucible was then placed in the center of the
Skidmore crucible of the apparatus. Then, the crucibles were closed with a lid and
made an exit to escape the vapors. The electric oven was used to heat the fuel samples.
In this, the oven temperature was slowly increased to 500°C with a heating rate of 10°
C/min and this temperature was maintained for 15min to pyrolysize the fuel sample.
Nitrogen gas was purged during this pyrolysis process with a flow rate of 600mL/min.
After the pyrolysis of fuel, the oven power supply was shut off, but the nitrogen flow
continued until the sample temperature reached 150°C. When the oven temperature
reached 150°C, the crucible was taken out from the oven and kept in a desiccator
to reduce the sample temperature to 30°C. Finally, the carbon residue was weighed
in a precision weighing balance, and the mass percentage of carbon residue was cal-
culated using equation as given below:

A 100
% carbon residue ¼ (11.6)
W s
where A, carbon residue, g; W S , weight of sample, g; tribological behavior of AMC
biodiesel.
A four-ball tribotester (DUCOM, India) was used to study the friction and wear
characteristics of biodiesel and its blends. It is the simplest and most widely used