Page 460 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Eco friendly biofuels for CI engine applications 413

oil; its seed contains 30% oil content and it is an undiscovered source in India. Usage
of biodiesel in India will prompt numerous preferences such as green cover to waste-
land, support to agriculture, rural economy and decrease in reliance on imported raw
oil and decrease in air contamination [1, 3].
In any case, a long-haul engine test is need to demonstrate the durability issues expe-
riencedwithvegetableoilsduetodepositformation,carbondevelopment,andlubricating
oil sullying. In this manner, it was presumed that vegetable oils should either be chem-
ically modified or mixed with diesel fuel to avert untimely engine failure. Trans-
esterification, mixing, emulsification, or pyrolysis of vegetable oils may overcome
these issues. Blending and heating of vegetable oils may increase the volatility and
decreasethe viscosityofvegetable oils.However,themolecular structure staysunaltered
and the polyunsaturated character remains altered. Mixing of vegetable oils with diesel
fuelreducesthe viscosity,andthefuelhandlingsystemoftheenginehastodealwithveg-
etable oil-diesel mixes without any issues. Based on the trial experiments, it was discov-
ered that conversion of vegetable oils into basic esters is an efficacious method to
overcome all the issues related to vegetable oils. The greater part of the common produc-
tion techniques for biodiesel involves the acidic or basic catalyst methods. A response
timeof45minto1handresponsetemperatureof55–65°Carerequiredforthecompletion
of the reaction to obtain the esters [6–8]. Biodiesel comprises the alkyl esters of unsatu-
rated fatty acids produced by the transesterification of crude vegetable oils. The utiliza-
tion of biodiesel in diesel engines requires no equipment alteration. Also, biodiesel is an
unrivaledfuelthandieselonaccountofahigherflashpoint,aloweraromaticcontent,and
alowersulfurcontent.Abiodiesel-fueledenginetransmitsfewerpollutantsandbiodiesel
can be utilized as part of its unadulterated form or as a mix of diesel. It can likewise be
utilized as a diesel fuel additive to enhance its properties.

15.3.1 Edible oils
Edible oils are basically plant or animal fat that can be used for different cooking
means along with its fuel properties. Edible oils are also called the first-generation
feedstock. There is an immense exigency for edible oils as sustenance source. Also,
the cost of edible oil raw materials is far too expensive to be utilized as fuel. At pre-
sent, more than 95% of world biodiesel is processed from edible oil, which is effort-
lessly accessible on an extensive scale from the agricultural industry. However,
consistent and huge scale creation of biodiesel from edible oil without appropriate
planning may result in a negative effect to the world, for example, the exhaustion
of the nourishment supply, prompting an economic imbalance. A feasible answer
for overcoming this issue is to utilize nonedible oil or waste edible oil.

15.3.2 Nonedible oils

Nonedible oils are oils that cannot be consumed as food but have various other appli-
cations. Nonedible oils are also called the second-generation feedstock. The utilization
of nonedible plant oils is exceptionally good on account of the enormous exigency for
edible oils as a sustenance source. Besides, edible oil raw materials are far too costly to