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72 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Table 3.10 Comparisons of properties of biodiesel from nonedible feedstock with diesel fuel

Calorific Viscosity at Flash Pour
value Density 40°C Cetane point point
3 2
Oil type (MJ/kg) (kg/m ) (mm /s) number (°C) (°C)
Diesel fuel 43.35 815 4.3 47.0 71 16
Jatropha oil 41.17 a 880 a 4.4 a 57.10 a 163 a 2 b
Neem oil – 918.5 c 5.2 c 57.83 d – –
Caper spurge oil – 876 at 4.63 a 59.6 a 181 a –
20°C a
Putranjiva oil 39.58 a – – 54.99 a 48 a 3 a
Mahua oil 39.40 a 916 a 3.98 a 51.00 a 129 a 6 a
Rice bran seed oil 36.05 a 877 a 4.95 a 73.6 a >160 a 269 e
Tamanu oil – 888.6 a 4 a 57.3 a 151 a 4.3 a
Crambe oil 40.50 f 904.8 f – 44.60 f 274 f 12.2 f
Linseed oil 39.30 c 923.6 c 25.75 c 34.60 c 241 c –
Yellow oleander – – – – – –
Castor oil 38.7 a 913 a 15.25 a – >160 32 b
Rubber seed oil 36.50 a 860 a 5.81 a – 130 a 8 a
Tobacco seed oil 39.81 a 888.5 a 4.23 a 51.6 a 165.4 a –
Sea mango 40.86 g 919.8 g 29.57 g – – –
Moringa oleifera 877.5 h 4.91 h – 62.12 h 206 h
Karanja oil 35.56 a 890 a 4.85 a 58.0 a 180 a –
a
Ref. [7].
b
Ref. [1].
c
Ref. [11].
d
Ref. [42].
e
Ref. [10].
f
Ref. [46].
g
Ref. [45].
h
Ref. [12].
monosaturation, and polysaturation of fatty acid present in the oil are, respectively,
21.60%, 45.40%, and 33.00%. However, research is still needed for the commercial-
ization of Jatropha oil [7–11, 19, 42, 47].
3.2.2.2 Neem oil (Azadirachta indica)
The neem tree belongs to the Meliaceae family and is indigenous to India. Its nativity
has been ascribed to some countries such as Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, Pakistan,
and some tropical regions of Australia. It is also found in various countries in Africa
such as Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana. It is the fastest growing tree that grows in wide
varieties of soil but thrives well in clay soil. The propagation can be by direct planting
of the seeds or raising it in a nursery and transplanting after it has grown to a level. It is
an evergreen plant that can reach 12–18m in height. The average required rainfall is
between 750 and 1000 and a temperature of between 15°C and 45°C is needed for
optimal growth. The maximum productivity is reached after 15years and it has a life