Page 107 - Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies

80 CHAPTER 3 Forecasting of Intermittent Solar Energy Resource

FIGURE 3.1
Electrical dispatching center (Sofia, Bulgaria) (personal picture).

Without the anticipation of the consumption followed by the start-up of a new
energy means, the imbalance remains leading to a load shedding on the one hand.
If this load shedding is too slow or insufficient, a risk of blackout arises. On the other
hand, if the load is lower than the production (because of an overproduction of a PV
plant for instance), the frequency increases and it might present a danger for the

Table 3.2 Characteristics of Electricity Production Plants [5]

Minimum
Power Rise Speed
Capacity in Power Start-Up
Type Size (MW) (%) Per Min (%) Time (h)
Nuclear power 400e1300 20 1 40 (cold)-18 h
plant per reactor (hot)
Steam thermal 200e800 per 50 0.5e5 11e20 h (cold)-
plant turbine 5 h (hot)
Fossil-fired power 1e200 50e80 10 10 mine1h
plants
Combined-cycle 100e400 50 7 1e4h
plant
Hydropower plant 50e1300 30 80e100 5 min
Combustion turbine 25 30 30 15e20 min
(light fuel)
Internal combustion 20 65 20 45e60 min
engine