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390 CHAPTER 12 Concentrating Solar Power

FIGURE 12.12
Annual solar-to-electricity efficiency as a function of development level.
Courtesy EASAC, Concentrating Solar Power: Its Potential Contribution to a Sustainable Energy Future, 2011.

Table 12.3 Technical Options Available for Each Concentrating Solar Power
(CSP) Technology
CSP Technology Technical Options
Linear Fresnel systems (F) Fresnel SaS: saturated steam as HTF
Fresnel SHS: superheated steam as HTF
Parabolic troughs (PT) PT-oil: oil as HTF and molten salt storage
PT-SHS: superheated steam as HTF
PT-MS: molten salt as HTF and storage
Towers (T) T-SaS: saturated steam as HTF
T-SHS: superheated steam as HTF
T-MS: molten salt as HTF and storage
T-AR: ambient pressure air as HTF and Rankine cycle
T-GT: pressurized air as HTF and Brayton cycle
T-SC: supercritical cycle
T-CC: pressurized air as HTF and combined cycle
Parabolic dishes (DSs) DS: helium Stirling cycle
HTF, heat transfer fluid.
From EASAC, Concentrating Solar Power: Its Potential Contribution to a Sustainable Energy Future,
2011.