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were converted from liters to Mtoe).]

Figure 29.2 Global utilization of cropland, by commodity group, 2008. ‘Seed/Waste’:
Land used for seed production requirements and land equivalents for losses due to on
farm waste; ‘Other use’ includes industrial crops (e.g., cotton, tobacco, natural rubber),
and oil crops, cereals, and sugar crops for industrial products (e.g., soap, cosmetics,
biofuel). (Created from author's calculations based on Ref 45.)

Figure 29.3 Regional distribution of crop-based biofuel use in the biofuel scenarios
WEO-2011 and WEO-2011-hP Source: IIASA World Food System biofuel scenario
based on World Energy Outlook 2012 2

Figure 29.4 Additional cropland use in the biofuel scenarios by 2020 and 2035,
relative to REF. [Source: IIASA World Food System simulations, January 2012.
Reproduced with permission from the International Institute for Applied Systems

Analysis (IIASA).]

Figure 29.5 Cumulative net greenhouse gas savings of biofuel scenarios for 2020, 2035
and 2050. (Source: IIASA World Food System simulations, January 2012.)

Figure 29.6 Occurrence (%) of grass- and woodland. The map shows the share of
grass/woodland in 5 min latitude/longitude grid cells (see text). [Reproduced with
permission from Ref 36 Copyright 2012, International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis (IIASA).]

Figure 29.7 Suitability of global grass/woodland areas for lignocellulosic feedstock
production, by grass/woodland concentration. Suitability refers to achievable rain-fed
yields. VS: Very Suitable; S: Suitable; MS: Moderately suitable; mS: Marginally
suitable; The share of grass- and woodland (GRWL) in 5 min latitude/longitude grid
cells is used as proxy for GRWL concentration. Table 7 shows a further
characterization of the hatched blue area.

Figure 29.8 Potential rain-fed yield of lignocellulosic feedstocks in current areas with
dominantly grassland and woodland. Dominantly includes 5 min longitude/latitude
grid-cells with over 50% grassland and woodland. [Reproduced with permission from
Ref 36. Copyright 2012, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).]

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Real (inflation adjusted) world market prices for main crops and other

food items from January 1960 to November 2013. Source: Data from the World Bank. 11
Figure 30.2 Histograms of estimated biofuel multipliers (percentage change in
agricultural commodity price divided by size of biofuel demand shock), as calculated

from the model studies included in the review. Panels (a)–(e) display multipliers for
the main biofuels (corn, sugar and wheat ethanol, and biodiesel from vegetable oils)
for different market prices. Panel (f) reports the difference in estimated corn price
impacts for corn ethanol versus second generation, cellulosic ethanol in the United