Page 30 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

Figure 24.1 Ethanol and sugarcane production (just for ethanol) in Brazil from 1975 to
2011. Created using data from Ref 10.

Figure 24.2 Registration of new light-duty vehicles by fuel type—two-wheel vehicles
not included—1975/2011. Created using data from Ref 12.

Figure 24.3 Share of fuel ethanol in light-duty vehicles in Brazil. Diesel oil is not
consumed in light-duty vehicles in Brazil. All natural gas used in the transport sector is
consumed in light-duty vehicles. Created using data from Ref 13.

Figure 24.4 Location of sugarcane processing units in Brazil. Created using data from
Ref 16.

Figure 24.5 Expansion of sugarcane in center-south Brazil from 2003–2012. Created
using data from Ref 17.

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Figure 24.6 Sugarcane yield (t ha ) and harvested area (Mha) in Brazil in the 1975–
2011 period. Created using data from Ref 24.

Figure 24.7 Burnt (a) and unburnt (b) sugarcane areas with similar topography, soils,
and climate conditions.

Figure 24.8 Schedule for phasing our preharvest burning in the São Paulo state. SPSL
(São Paulo State Law); EP (Environmental Protocol) in areas with slope up to 12%
(currently mechanizable) and above 12% (currently nonmechanizable).

Figure 24.9 Straw accumulated on the soil surface under unburnt sugarcane in the
southeastern Brazil.
Figure 24.10 Adjusted Brazilian ethanol production costs. Created using data from Ref

83.

Figure 24.11 Evolution of the mechanical harvest area in São Paulo and the center-
south. Created using data from Refs 93 and 94.

Figure 24.12 Growth of sugarcane, grains, GDP (in real terms), and population in
Brazil from 1976 to 2010. Created using data from Refs 24 and 106.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Energy flows in current production systems for wheat-based ethanol in
Sweden. Straw harvest includes transport to farm-gate, and DDGS and ethanol include
energy inputs to plant gate. (Data adapted from Refs 6 and 16.)

Figure 25.2 Modeled development of C stocks in a Norway spruce forest in south
Sweden subject to three different management practices (described in the main text).
The single stands are plotted behind the landscape averages in the foreground.
(Reprinted with permission from Ref 53. Copyright 2011 Swedish Energy Agency.)

Figure 25.3 Estimated amount of agricultural land available for expanding bioenergy
production in Sweden without compromising current food and feed output. The total