Page 25 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

Figure 14.11 TEM images of freshly prepared Pd/IL-NH /SiO /Fe O (a) and after
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3 4
2
being reused three times (b). 146
Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Schematic presentation of co-firing technology options.

Figure 15.2 Direct and indirect/gasification co-firing technology options, including the
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possibility of using torrefied biomass. (Reproduced with permission from Ref .
Copyright 2009, DNV KEMA)

Figure 15.3 The Studstrupværket power plant, including separate handling lines for
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coal and straw and one type of burner. (Reproduced with permission from Ref .
Copyright 2007, DONG Energy)

Figure 15.4 The Avedore Unit 2 concept of parallel co-firing.

Figure 15.5 Avoidance of formation of alkali chlorides from dedicated biomass
combustion through co-firing with coal containing sulfur and aluminum silicates.
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(Reproduced with permission from Ref . Copyright 2003, VTT)
Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Accumulated anthropogenic C emissions to the atmosphere since 1850
(left y-axis). The red line (right y-axis) shows the share of annual GHG emissions that
comes from fossil fuel burning. Most of the remaining part of the annual GHG
emissions is associated with LUC. A small part comes from cement manufacturing and
gas flaring, which has contributed some 1–2% of the total accumulated emissions.
Source: Ref 35. (Reprinted with permission from Ref 35. Copyright 2011, IEA

Bioenergy.)

Figure 16.2 Illustration of direct and indirect land use changes arising as a
consequence of a bioenergy project using crop A as feedstock. Note that in the case of
iLUC, there need not be a one-to-one relationship between the land area claimed for
bioenergy and the area converted to new pasture/cropland. This relationship depends
on the relative productivity of the land claimed for bioenergy versus the new
pasture/cropland. The iLUC taking place will also be determined by possible changes
in meat/milk consumption and land use intensity (due to changes in food prices), and
the displaced actors may turn to other activities than those connected to land use. The
biofuel production in itself often generates protein rich by-products that are suitable for
animal feeding, displacing other animal feed production and thereby reducing the net
LUC effect of the bioenergy project. An example of when meat/dairy production
displaces crop production is when crop rotation patterns are adjusted to include one or
several years under temporary grasslands for animal feed.

Figure 16.3 Integrated production of biomass and milk/meat. Photo Credit: Laercio

Cuoto. (Photo taken by Laercio Cuoto.)
Figure 16.4 Ranges of model-based quantifications of LUC (dLUC + iLUC) emissions