Page 23 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

renewable diesel (must achieve 50% + GG reduction); total advanced biofuel =
anything but corn-based ethanol (must achieve 50% + GG reduction threshold);
unclassified advanced biofuel = total advanced biofuel minus cellulosic and biomass-
based diesel fuel; total renewable fuel = ethanol from corn starch or any other
qualifying renewable fuel (must achieve 20% + GG reduction); total minus advanced
biofuel = expected volumes of corn-starch ethanol.

Figure 12.2 Graphical representation of the different feedstocks and conversion
technologies used, and the different primary and final biofuel products obtained, from
the commercial biorefineries listed in Table 12.2. The companies written in italics are
those that plan to start construction by the end of 2012, whereas those in normal
typeface are currently (May, 2012) constructing commercial-scale facilities. MSW =
municipal solid waste; ABE = acetone, butanol, ethanol.

Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of woody biomass biorefinery. (Reproduced
27
from Ref . Copyright 2012, Elsevier.)

Figure 13.2 Classifications of conventional membrane separations.

Figure 13.3 Partial cross-section morphology of different layers of
49
polysulfone/Matrimid dual-layer hollow fibers. (Reproduced from Ref . Copyright
2009, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Figure 13.4 Process flow schematic diagram for biodiesel production and purification
59
process. (Reproduced from Ref . Copyright 2010, Elsevier.)
Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Three-component reaction catalyzed by a task-specific ionic liquid
(TSIL). 22

Scheme 14.1 Production of carboxylicacids using zeolites. 50
Scheme 14.2 Transformation of the oligomeric alkoxides into oligomeric carboxylic

acids via interaction of equilibrated oligomeric carbenium ions with CO and H O. 53
2
Figure 14.2 Schematic description of the reaction pathway of the active oxygen species
with benzene on Fe/ZSM-5 at room temperature. 61

Figure 14.3 Influence of the Lewis acidity (normalized values with respect to MIL-
101) in the conversion and selectivity toward benzyl benzoate (mol%) for different

catalysts. 68

Scheme 14.3 Laser-driven amide formation between benzaldehyde and morpholine at
room temperature. 73

Figure 14.4 Comparative experiments in the amidation of benzaldehyde and
morpholine at room temperature conducted under identical conditions. Reaction