Page 28 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

Figure 18.3 Current large-scale whole-tree harvesting in Sweden is built on multiple
systems; conventional logging, followed by a slash harvesting system and then a
separate stump lifting operation as shown. The systems are highly productive but
require extensive system resiting and high capital commitment, thus presupposing large
logging sites.

Figure 18.4 Environmentally friendly and economic one-pass harvesting systems,
flexible enough to supply the wood for the traditional forest industry and the biomass
for the energy and the biorefinery sectors can be developed. Lower production costs is
an efficient way to increase the immediate availability of biomass.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Approximate location of study sites included in the review. One point may
represent several studies. When precise location of trials was not available, the middle
of the region/country was used.

Figure 19.2 Distribution of recovery rates observed within studies (n = 68).

2
Figure 19.3 R value and relative error as a function of the number of splits for the
classification tree based on the harvest residue recovery rate dataset (n = 48).

Figure 19.4 Simplified classification tree of harvest residue recovery rates (n = 44),
with averages, standard errors [in brackets] and number of observations (in
parentheses).

Figure 19.5 Relationship between mass of residues left in the cutblock (y-axis) and
mass of residues recovered (x-axis) for a subset of field trials. See Tables 19.1 and
19.2 for trial details. Dotted lines represent values for 50, 70, and 90% harvest residue
recovery rates.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Components of the hydrologic cycle. 33

Figure 20.2 Partitioning of precipitation into output components in undisturbed forest
catchments in humid regions and the effect on water supply. (Reprinted with permission
from Ref 35. Copyright 2002, Elsevier.)

Figure 20.3 Effect of precipitation on streamflow in undisturbed and harvested forest
ecosystems. 9,10,14,15

Figure 20.4 Relationship between forest area harvested and streamflow

increase. 9,10,14,15

Figure 20.5 Relationship between precipitation and undisturbed and harvested forests
(H): (a) broadleaved forests, and (b) conifer forests. 9,10,14,15

Figure 20.6 Harvesting of slash materials in Finland using a low ground pressure and
tracked Deere bundling system (photo by Daniel G. Neary).