Page 24 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

conditions: 0.2 mL benzaldehyde, 0.2 mL morpholine, 19 mL THF, 1 mL H O , 0.01 g
2 2
KOH, and 0.025 g Au-silica catalyst, 4 h of reaction, 25°C. 73
Scheme 14.4 Laser-driven tandem oxidation/amidation reaction. Benzyl alcohol and
benzyl amine to N-benzylbenzamide. Reaction conditions: 0.2 mL benzyl alcohol, 0.2

mL morpholine, 19 mL THF, 1 m LH O ,0.01 g KOH, 2 m LH O (added dropwise),
2 2
2 2
°
and 0.025 g Au-SiO catalyst, 4 h of reaction, 25 C. 73
2
Figure 14.5 Reaction profiles of benzaldehyde consumption and product generation in
the laser-assisted amidation of benzaldehyde and morpholine. Reaction conditions: 0.2
mL benzaldehyde, 0.2 mL morpholine, 19 mL THF, 1 mL H O , 0.01 g KOH, and 0.025
2 2
g Au-silica catalyst, 25°C. The proposed induction period can be clearly observed at
the beginning of the reaction (the first 30–60 min, see the line of 4-benzoylmorpholine
formation). 73

Scheme 14.5 Imination of nitroarenes using aldehydes and carbon monoxide by

supported gold nanoparticles at room temperature. 86

Scheme 14.6 One-pot two-step aza Diels-Alder reaction. 86

Figure 14.6 (a) The rate of 2-AP formation with AuNPs of different sizes. (b) SERS
spectra of 6-TG and NaBH are 40 µM and 33 mM, respectively. The nominal particle
4
concentrations of the 10,15, and 50 nm-sized AuNPs are 4.20,1.87, and 0.17 nM,
respectively. The volume of the reaction solution is 3 mL. The dots represent the

experimental data, and the solid line is the fitting curve. 100
Figure 14.7 (a) CO conversion and turn over number (TON) as a function of Au

loading (1-NA = 1% Au/CeO without aging) (experimental conditions: 3.6% CO-21%
2
O -Ar = 1,0 L/min, catalyst = 50 mg, room temperature; TON, number of molecules of
2
product formed per gold atom), (b) CO conversion over 1% Au/CeO (dp, us, and
2
age). Experimental conditions same as Figure 14.9(a). 108

Figure 14.8 Catalytic oxidation of HCHO over 1 wt% Au/CeO2( DPU) and 1 wt%
Au/CeO (DPN) catalysts. Reaction conditions: 80 ppm HCHO/21% O2/N2, RH=50%
2
−1 132
(25°C); temperature: 25°C; GHSV = 34,000 h .

Figure 14.9 Effect of water on HCHO conversion over the 1 wt% Au/CeO (DPU)
2
catalyst. Reaction conditions: wet air: 80 ppm HCHO/21% O /N , RH = 50% (25°C);
2
2
−1
temperature: 25°C; GHSV = 34,000 h ; dry air: 80 ppm HCHO/21% O /N ;
2
2
−1 132
temperature: 25°C; GHSV = 34,000 h .
Figure 14.10 Durability test using 1 wt% Au/CeO (DPU) catalyst. Reaction
2
conditions: 80 ppm HCHO/21% O /N , RH = 50% (25°C); temperature: 25°C; GHSV
2
2
−1 132
= 34,000 h .