Page 27 - Advances in bioenergy the sustainability challenge

other starting from year 0. The average C content of the trees included each year is
shown in the front most bar representing the landscape level. The losses and gains of C
from individual forest stands in the landscape counterbalance and the average C content
in the forest is stable over time. (Reprinted with permission from Ref 127. Copyright
2011, Peter Eliasson.)

Figure 16.9 Development of C stocks and GHG flows over a 240-year period for
typical fertilized and unfertilized stands in northern Sweden. The top diagram shows
living tree biomass and the bottom diagram shows net substitution benefits of wood
product use assuming coal reference fuel, with deductions made for N O, CH , and
2
4
fossil CO emissions. The dynamics of C in soils and dead biomass (not shown) is
2
highly influenced by the forest management but occurs at a smaller scale (fluctuations
−1
are within 250 ton CO ha ). A and B denote two possible cases of forest bioenergy
2
accounting (see text). (Reprinted with permission from Ref 128. Copyright 2010, IEA
Bioenergy.)

Figure 16.10 Cumulative CO emissions and indicative remaining emission space in
2
relation to 2°C target. (Reprinted with permission from Refs 35 and 138. Copyright
2011 and 2009, IEA Bioenergy.)

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Raw material sources, technical harvesting potentials, and gross potentials
of forest chips in Finland and Sweden in 2010.

Figure 17.2 Forest fuel supply chain based on comminution at the landing. On the left
logging residues from final harvest, truck-mounted chipper. On the right small diameter
trees from early thinning, truck-mounted chipper.

Figure 17.3 Forest fuel supply chain based on comminution at terminal.
Figure 17.4 Forest fuel supply chain based on comminution at power plant.

Figure 17.5 Procurement costs (€/m3 solid) of forest chips with different harvesting
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systems from different raw materials. The forwarding distance was 250 m and
transport distance was 45 km.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Development of the growing stock in Swedish forests from the 1920s up
until today. Source: The Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.

Figure 18.2 Quick establishment of the new tree crop, proper site preparation, and
selection of genetically improved and fast growing tree species are examples of
treatments with the potential to reach large areas fast. Thus, they provide the most
effective measures to substantially increase future forest production of the slow-moving
long-rotation forestry.