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Contents xv

The Use of Regional Thresholds 151
Chow and Kaneko 152
Modeling Illumination Using Edges 156
Implementation and Results 159
Comparisons 160
Relaxation Methods 161
Moving Averages 167
Cluster-Based Thresholds 170
Multiple Thresholds 171
Website Files 172
References 173
Chapter 5 Texture and Color 177
Texture and Segmentation 177
A Simple Analysis of Texture in Grey-Level Images 179
Grey-Level Co-Occurrence 182
Maximum Probability 185
Moments 185
Contrast 185
Homogeneity 185
Entropy 186
Results from the GLCM Descriptors 186
Speeding Up the Texture Operators 186
Edges and Texture 188
Energy and Texture 191
Surfaces and Texture 193
Vector Dispersion 193
Surface Curvature 195
Fractal Dimension 198
Color Segmentation 201
Color Textures 205
Website Files 205
References 206

Chapter 6 Thinning 209
What Is a Skeleton? 209
The Medial Axis Transform 210
Iterative Morphological Methods 212
The Use of Contours 221
Choi/Lam/Siu Algorithm 224
Treating the Object as a Polygon 226
Triangulation Methods 227