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Sizing and fit for swimsuits and diving suits 261

measurements that are most commonly used data in the clothing industry and on
which conventional clothing construction is based, 3D scanning is used to obtain data
on body shape, anthropometric relationships of individual body parts, deviations from
the normal proportions, and body posture (Simmons and Istook, 2003). In this manner,
all relevant data necessary for computer-aided design and modification of garment
patterns according to the individual body anthropometric characteristics can be
determined.
The application of the 3D body scanning began for the needs of the military indus-
try. As a consequence of further development, these systems began to be used in West-
ern developed countries for the needs of realizing the project of the systematic
anthropometric population measurement for the purposes of the clothing industry.
The existing 3D body scanners designed by different manufacturers differ from each
other in the number of the cameras used for scanning, the scanning range, and the light
source as well as in the sophistication of the accompanying computer program used for
the visualization of the scanned body and the determination of measurements,
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Table 10.1 (D’Apuzzo, 2009; Braganca et al., 2016).
In view of the mentioned differences, 3D scanning systems available on the market
can be divided into five basic groups:
1. laser scanning systems using lasers as a light source;
2. light scanning systems, which project a sample of structured, mainly white light;
3. LED scanning systems using infrared detectors;
4. systems providing body shadows on the opposite side of the camera and scanning 2D body
contours in different body postures;
5. systems using radio waves for scanning the body surface through the clothing.
Depending on the scanner type, body scanning is performed in a very short period of
time of about 10s. By using electronic circuits and microprocessor, data are scanned,
processed, stored as a file, and visualized as a three-dimensional group of points,
which outline a body shape on the monitor screen. The representation shows a full,
two-dimensional precise replica of the scanned object or body, which can be viewed
from different views, rotated, enlarged, and reduced, serving as support data for auto-
matic computer-aided determination of body measurements. International standard
ISO 20685 has been developed to ensure the comparability of body measurements
determined by ISO 7250 (Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological
Design) and ISO 8559 (Garment Construction and Anthropometric Surveys—Body
Dimensions) using various 3D body scanners, Fig. 10.3 (ISO 20685:2010, 2010).

10.4.1 3D scanning and body model processing—Vitus smart 3D
laser scanner
The principle of the operation of laser scanners is based on the measurement of polar
coordinates and horizontal and vertical angle, respectively, to an individual point of
the space. The instrument transmits a sequence of laser impulses according to a
beforehand specified distance. Registering the total shift of the system in relation
to its initial position and the measured length, space coordinates of each point are