Page 271 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

266 Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

the line is vertical, and in different types of irregular postures, point positions deviate
from the gravity line. The method is used for detection and analysis of upper back
curvature, curvature of shoulders, lifted knees, and head tilted forward. The applica-
tion of 3D body scanner and innovative computer-based method for 3D body model
analysis not only enables the assessment of body posture but also enables a very pre-
cise measurement of parameters for body posture assessment (Petrak et al., 2015).

10.4.3 Dynamic body analysis
3D scanning technology can also be used for obtaining data on dynamic anthropom-
etry, which is especially important when developing clothing for special purposes
with high demands on functionality and fit (Gers ˇak and Mar ci c, 2013). Depending
on the body position and motion, body surface areas are deforming, and body mea-
surements are changing, which demands additional ease allowances on corresponding
segments of the garment (Gill and Heyes, 2012; Lee et al., 2013). Dimensional change
of body in dynamic positions is a complex issue that cannot be considered only from
the aspect of basic anthropometric measurement, but the body morphology parameters
must be taken into consideration.
Standard measurement protocols used by 3D body scanning technologies usually
enable automatic measurement only in standard upstanding position. If it is necessary
to determine body measurements in any of the dynamic positions, it is performed
interactively, with precision measurement being largely dependent on the user/mea-
surer. During the process, the measurer manually and interactively positions charac-
teristic points on the surface of scanned model after which the linear or curved
dimensions are taken in between. Such a measurement method is not very appropriate
for serial measurements of the test subjects, since it is impossible for measurer to
repeat the position of marker points in the same way for every test subject, which
is necessary to ensure the comparability of the measurement results of a sample.
For a better precision and easier detection of characteristic points, it is possible to
put markers on a test subject before scanning or to create an automatic measurement
protocol for every particular position. Creation of an automatic protocol is a complex
and time-consuming process, but it provides a greater precision in defining anthropo-
metric points compared with manual processing of individual models. It reduces mea-
surer mistake and is repeatable since the points are always positioned in the same way,
according to the measurement file defined within the protocol, Fig. 10.7. This enables
comparison of obtained measurement results since the measurements are always taken
in the same manner, providing possibilities for complex studies of body dimensional
changes in dynamic conditions (Petrak and Mahnic Naglic, 2017).
Dimensional body changes must be taken into consideration while designing and
constructing tight-fit garments with high criteria for functionality such as diving suits.
For a construction of diving suits, it is important to select and analyze specific body
positions that occur during diving. For a free diving discipline, there are five selected
dynamic postures, the first refers to the mobility of the upper extremities and presents
the terminal positions of the arms at characteristic body movements when diving; the
fourth posture refers to the length of elongation of the body, especially in the area of