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Sizing and fit for protective clothing 299

of the lower body, women’s conditional mundane poses such as a standing position,
120-degree knee bending, one-step climbing, and sitting with knees bent at 90-degree
angle were selected and the dynamic measurement deviations from the standard posi-
tion measurements were analyzed (Choi and Ashdown, 2010). Another lower body
study examines changes in values within the larger range of movements and with a
more detailed set of measurements when examining changes in the leg surface by
comparing the results obtained in a standard posture and at five different heights in
leg positions (Xiao and Ashdown, 2013).
In various studies, the measures obtained in the static position may be called static,
while those obtained in another body or limb position (based on basic anthropometric
methods) the dynamic ones. With regard to the design of ergonomic spaces, furniture,
instruments, and appliances, dynamic anthropometry is also called functional or ergo-
nomic anthropometry.
Professionals must be familiar with human anatomy and functions to understand
the body in its kinetic positions and to be able to design clothing that moves properly
along with the body (Ashdown, 2011). The adult body consists of 206 bones, most of
which are joined by moving joints, creating many combinations of positions that
are employed in everyday movements. In addition, their usability and frequency
of use depend on the task to be performed and areas in which the person works.
There are also a large number of variations for the potential volume/amplitude of
movements between individuals in the population that are associated with the total
morphological features as well as the differences between the members of the pop-
ulation: age, race, gender, health status, physical fitness, body proportions, and tem-
porary effects of exhaustion—these can all be significant factors that can affect
movement (Ashdown, 2011). For example, sports and active leisure design studies
have shown that as a result of the movement, the skin of the human body signifi-
cantly extends on the knee—35%, and elbow—in 45% of zones. Depending on
the movements that can be made (movement segmentation of legs, lower back,
thighs, shoulders, belly, hands, etc. in the human body), the wearer stretches in dif-
ferent ways, and the stretching of the skin in different areas ranges from 10% to 50%
(Hayes and Venkatraman, 2016).
It should be taken into account that the resulting dynamic anthropometry data will
be indicative and their use in the design of clothing structures will depend on the type
and function of the particular clothing. In the design of protective clothing, when
selecting a motion program for the acquisition of dynamic indicators, it would be nec-
essary to select those that are typical of the daily working movements and are most
affected by the distances between the anthropometric points. In determining and
researching dynamic indicators, the following tasks must be addressed:
The selection of anthropometric points,
l
The selection of a package of movements,
l
Determination of measurement location in dynamics,
l
Determination of the type of statistical processing of dynamic indicators,
l
l The designation of the direction of utilization of the results obtained,
l Selection of dynamic indicators required for the construction of patterns (Koblyakova
et al., 1974).